An examination of why interest in Ernest Shackleton increased dramatically in about 1995, focusing on the 2001 film "The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition."
Abstract This paper discusses the enduring popularity of Ernest Shackleton who was involved in a legendary Antarctic expedition. It particularly focuses on why interest in Ernest Shackleton increased dramatically in about 1995 and lasted until 2003. It discusses the expedition and looks at the film "The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition," that The Burke Museum of Natural History at the University of Washington showed in 2001.
From the Paper "With the release of the new information, there followed a wide range of materials dealing with Shackleton. These included two biographies suitable for elementary students (Marcovitz; reviewed by Ching; Calvert, reviewed by McLoughlin), and two others suitable for middle school students (Plimpton, reviewed by Cohen; reviewed by Jones; Johnson, reviewed by Engberg, and reviewed by Gawron). At the same time, there has been a remarkable general revival of interest in all things from these expeditions. Captain Scott's snow goggles were recently sold at auction for more than L20,000, and a biscuit recovered from that expedition went for a remarkable L4,000 (Smith 50)."
Abstract Alfred D. Chandler's article entitled ?The Enduring Logic of Industrial Success" states that the pioneers in a market will dominate their industries and continue to do so for decades. The writer examines in detail why these companies are identified as first movers and how they take advantage of being first movers to capture markets and become successful.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Findings & Discussion
L'Oreal
Toyota
P&G
Conclusion
From the Paper "L"Oreal is one of the first companies who sought to compete internationally beyond local or regional markets. When it enters a new market, the most significant strategy is to buy and repackage the local brands and make them world-famous. The most famous examples are Maybelline, Soft Sheen and Carson in the United States and Shu Uemura in Japan. L"Oreal was not satisfied with the profit-guaranteed market of Maybelline in Middle America. Aggressively, it promotes its products worldwide. When Carson found a market in South Africa, the Savannah firm, in debt, was unable to do the investment, L?Oreal made it because Owen Jones, the chairman of the company realized that "people of African origin, where they were in the world, were a huge future potential business" (Tomlinson, 2002). In addition to economics of scale to exert its cost advantage, L"Oreal also expands via economics of scope tremendously in years. The company started out in hair dyes. Now they have products in hair color, permanents, hairstyling aids, body and skin care, skin cleansers, and fragrances. Since they market over 500 brands and more than 2000 products, this provides them with a very strong presence in the beauty market. L"Oreal products are found in all distribution channels: hair salons, hypermarkets, supermarkets, health and beauty outlets, and direct mail. This gives them an advantage over competitors with limited distribution outlets."
Abstract This paper discusses how to bio-mechanically improve running performance and the important role of strength training in this endeavor. The author also references relevant research studies, which indicate that endurance athletes can benefit from strength training programs.
From the Paper "When one thinks of endurance athletes, they typically think of a Kenyan marathon runner or an Ironman Triathlete. While these images are undoubtedly "low-fat," they certainly not considered heavily muscled power athletes. Similarly, one doesn't think of an endurance athlete's training consisting of "hitting the weights" three to four times a week. Recent research has confirmed that an endurance athlete who is optimally strength-trained has a distinct competitive advantage compared to the athlete who trains only for endurance."
Tags: athletics, runner, running, weight, lifting, endure, competition, power
Abstract This paper studies the film "Terms of Endearment". The paper first discusses the movie's primary theme -- the mother-daughter relationship -- and how this plays out in the development of the two main characters. The paper focuses on the movie's climax -- the daughter's death from cancer -- and how that event informs the movie-makers attitudes toward medical care. The paper then concludes with a discussion of medical treatment in the movie, and offers alternatives that would have been more beneficial to healing not only the body, but also the soul.
From the Paper "This paper begins with an outline of the movie 'Terms of Endearment', describing the main characters and events of the movie and its main theme, which is the mother daughter relationship of the two principal characters: Aurora and Emma..."
A discussion, based on S. Walker's "Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs", of the political nature of criminal justice in the United States and empirical evidence that should be used in making it independent.
Abstract This paper discusses the link between the criminal justice system and politics in the United States. It suggests that independence for the criminal justice system would have to be paired with strict oversight, but could permit the development of new criminal justice policies that were based entirely on the empirical evidence and not on the political ideologies of politicians. The paper bases its arguments on "Sense and Nonsense about Crime and Drugs" by S. Walker.
From the Paper "Perhaps the most significant reason why criminal justice policies have had such limited effect is because they have not been based on available evidence and rigorous testing. Evidence-based policymaking is only recently coming into its own in the United States. This trend in criminal justice is perhaps the most important one to date. It should be encouraged without question. Evidence-based policymaking will help actors in the criminal justice system to sort through the current policies and weed out the ones that simply do not work to reduce crime or, worse, actually have an adverse effect on the goals of the system. Additionally, this approach to criminal justice can help design new, more effective, policies that are based on sound science and evidence instead of wishful thinking and faith in commonsense metaphors. It short, the lack of evidence-based testing in the criminal justice system has been a major factor in the limited effectiveness of existing policies. Incorporating empirical evidence and testing into the policy process will improve the quality of criminal justice policies in the future."
Abstract This paper examines the positive effects of strength training for endurance athletes. It suggests that an endurance athlete who is optimally strength-trained has a distinct competitive advantage compared to the athlete who trains only for endurance. The paper details many of the physiological changes that can be expected with endurance training and with strength training.
From the Paper "There are several adaptations associated with an athlete performing endurance training exclusively. Aerobic endurance training produces increases in VO2 max, but has no hypertrophy effect on muscles (Holloszy et al, 1984) (Hickson et al, 1988). In fact, in prolonged endurance training, muscle fiber size has actually been shown to decrease (Terados et al, 1986), presumably to allow more efficient transfer of O2 to working muscles though this hasn't been proven (Yessis, 2000). If an athlete is attempting to increase their ground forces while running, then obviously muscular atrophy would be detrimental to this goal, unless the strength of the smaller diameter muscles was greater than that of the relatively more hypertrophied muscle group. Therefore, the concept of an endurance athlete performing endurance training exclusively would be disadvantageous to running faster times, as the limitations inherent in a given athlete's ability to increase stride frequency, stride rate and ground force creation would be limited once a certain level of proficiency is reached. That level is different for every athlete, but the point is that once running mechanics are sufficiently advanced that the athlete has maximized his/her performance, further improvements are limited by the inability to further increase the associated factors that contribute to that performance."
Abstract The writer of this paper asserts that in order to understand why the Spanish empire survived as long as it did, it's imperative to examine why other empires endured or failed to endure. This paper describes the Spanish empire as an institution that was not an original creation but merely part of the remarkable military and ideological successes that began with the Spanish Reconquista that took back the Iberian peninsula from the Moslems. This paper explores several issues that impacted the endurance of the Spanish empire including: The allocation of native labor, the initial organization of lands, crusading fervor, the hacienda system and the Catholic church. This well-researched paper contains a plethora of historical facts and information pertaining to this particular subject.
From the Paper "Crusading fervor was hardly enough to account for the long-term endurance of the Spanish Empire. That is attributable to less-glamorous factors involving the organization and implementation of economic and political power. Empires are made up of many successively smaller units that contribute their strength and wealth to make the empire strong and rich. Each of those units in the Spanish Empire was subject to administrative policies and institutions--many with roots deep in Spanish history, some highly modified to meet the peculiar needs of entirely novel imperial realities."
Abstract A discussion about how characters of great endurance are found throughout William Faulkner's works, with illustrative examples from several of Faulkner's stories. Examines the short story "Idyll in the Desert" about one of man's most common heartbreaks, unrequited love. It also analyzes another short story called "Barn Burning", a tale of the infamous Snopes family where endurance involves a more explicit struggle of conscience.
From the Paper "Throughout William Faulkner's works are found characters of great endurance, possessors of intestinal fortitude that results from what Faulkner once called "the human heart in conflict with itself" (Oates 249). Faulkner' s characters endure in conjunction with absurdism, the belief that man exists in a meaningless, irrational universe with which he comes into conflict during his search for truth and order. Endurance is evidence of man's attempts to understand his place in the world and adapt readily to the world's irrationalities. Ideally, a peaceful introspection is the consequence of a life of endurance; however, Faulkner's characters rarely achieve
this inner peace of which he spoke. Instead, Faulkner's characters are martyrs in their efforts to endure the varied hardships they experience, both internal and external, yet their martyrdom is unrecognizable by the world, because the characters themselves are oblivious to the motivation behind"therefore the possible outcome of"their steadfast endurance. Such characters who remain at the end of his or her story without having reached peace with him- or herself, characters we will call Faulknarian martyrs of endurance, are seen in the short stories "Idyll in the Desert" and "Barn Burning." "
Abstract This paper examines how Ian McEwan's novel, "Enduring Love", is a psychological thriller of a novel that tells the story of Joe Rose and his lover, Clarissa. It looks at how the theme of the paradoxically enduring nature of unhealthy, fixated love emerges in Joe's struggle to evade the grasp of the stalker, Joe Parry. It also discusses how this theme emerges in what seems to be a quite minor character and in a comical and incidental scene where Joe is attempting to buy a gun to free himself of his attacker.
From the Paper "At times, Clarissa often acts in a mother-like fashion towards Joe, from preparing his food to soothing his supposedly foolish anxieties. In this scene, however, another mother-like figure emerges. Perhaps the most poignant character, however, present in the commune-type environment is the woman who serves food and cooks for most of the characters in the home. Joe Rose notes, again with a barely concealed sneer, that he always used to wonder what happened to such women. He notes that the lifestyle of such hippie women somewhat predated feminism, and it seemed that their function in society was to bake the hash brownies and to clean up after the men around them."
Abstract This paper begins with an overview of Buddhism and the idea of enduring self. It then provides greater detail on this subject in an account of personal continuity explained in Buddhism through the teaching of Dependent Origination (paticca-samuppada). The paper explores what Western philosophers like Locke and Hume think about this concept. This is followed by a comparison and contrast of both the Eastern and Western views in order to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion of whether or not a person requires an enduring self to be someone who is harmonious with his/her world.
From the Paper "In order to discuss the concept of enduring self, then, it makes sense to put it into more specific terms. The Buddhists recognise that the self is in constant flux, yet people still cling to something called permanence or an enduring self that they form out of the impermanent self. If they deeply experienced and understood that the self is ever impermanent, there would be no identification with any particular form of craving, with any particular country, nation, or any organised system of thought or religion. But this realisation perhaps comes only with sustained and serious meditation, which is a mind-cleansing rather than a mind-filling activity. This is what most people cannot practise, since it is so unfamiliar for the typical Western ways of gaining knowledge. In a more practical viewpoint, an enduring self for the Buddhists is only a myth, a fantasy or an illusion. It is pretty much the same as trying to grab hold of the rays of sunlight reflecting in a lake or an object reflecting in a mirror. Since this is impossible, it can only lead to frustration or suffering."
Abstract This paper evaluates the views of some of the most famous philosophers on the theories of 'self' being an entity in its own right and social contract theory, that individuals living in isolation and without government would come together to form a government, binding themselves to a sovereign in exchange for protection. It shows amongst some of the views described in the paper how Descartes believed that the self was a continuing entity, how John Locke believed in the enduring self but stated that the existence of the self was dependent on memory, and how David Hume rejects the idea of the self as existing at all.
From the Paper "The self is often thought of as interchangeable with the concept of identity, with an emphasis on the inner dimension of human consciousness and thought. The self is thought of as a part of consciousness. Descartes believed that the self was a continuing entity, the same throughout life. Descartes stated, ?I think, therefore I am,? indicating that reason was the source of all knowledge and that the application of reason alone demonstrated that the enduring self was a real entity. The concept has become bound with issues of perception. Descartes placed the source of all perceptions in reason, while others saw all knowledge as perceptual, perceived only through the senses, and therefore not trustworthy because the senses can be wrong. Descartes believed in the enduring self because he could reason that the self he knew endured in the same form at all times."
Abstract This paper explores how Ian McEwan's novel, "Enduring Love", examines the fallacy of begging the question or circular reasoning. It looks at how this fallacy occurs when one infers a conclusion that, ultimately, is based on that very conclusion. It also illustrates how the narrative examination of this fallacy shows how an individual can act as an agent of his own fate, neglecting to embrace the freedom bestowed upon all humanity.
From the Paper "Uncertain of his own impetus to help, Rose reveals that no one "would ever know fully" the significance of the incident or their involvement. Implicit in this statement is Rose's acknowledgment of a partial understanding which he refuses to address. Rather than explore his inability to "fully" grasp the significance Rose offers a surface (albeit truthful) explanation that cannot be contended. ?Superficially the answer was a balloon,? says Rose, and thus admittedly abandons the metaphysical question for a physical answer. While Rose's superficial explanation is based on truthful characteristics of a balloon it commits the fallacy of begging the question. By comparing the incident to the beginning of the universe Rose deems the incident "the first step" in a chain of events. However, he can only define the initial "step" by its consequences."
Abstract This paper examines the psychological pathology of madness that arises within the novel "Enduring Love" by Ian McEwan. The characters Joe, Jed, Clarissa and Mrs. Logan are critically analyzed through a narrative perspective, which divulges the pathology of madness that is present within the novel.
From the Paper "The central theme of Ian McEwan's novel Enduring love revolves around the subtext of guilt, shame, and remorse that Joe Rose must face after failing to rescue a boy from a balloon. In the Chilterns, Joe Rose and his wife Clarissa witness a balloon accident where a boy is trapped within balloon that has gotten out of control. In an effort to try and brig the balloon back down the ground, Joe and two other men fail to pull the balloon downwards. Although Joe and Jed had dropped off as the wind took the aircraft in a sudden gust, the third man, John Logan, falls to his death because of a late release. "
Abstract The paper discusses that the reader may discover insights about himself and the world amidst the gobbledygook of "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". The author believes that Carroll uses language, such as puns and linguistic play, as a tool with which he introduced the reader to ideas often times overshadowed by nonsense. The paper explains that nonsensical events such as the Mad Hatter's tea party and the Knave's trial, have a deeper meaning in "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland".
From the Paper "Through the character of Alice, Carroll provides readers with knowledge of Victorian people, as well as our personal struggles to mature and find our true identities. Amidst the madness in Wonderland, Alice remains her rational self, concerned with reciting her lessons so that others will appreciate her being well educated. However, what she recites is ?"not quite right . . . [because] some of the words have got altered"? (Carroll 49). Alice's fretting over saying her lessons correctly is Carroll's way of satirizing Victorian education. One critic points out that Alice's swimming in the pool of tears she has wept is ? . . . [Carroll?s] making an astute observation on Victorian education, notably that the acquisition of knowledge and guilt over assumed transgression often accompany each other . . .? ."
Abstract This paper explains that, in "Candide", Voltaire, using satirical tools of blunt exaggeration combined with rapier wit, through the innocent eyes of his hapless title character, travels the world after having been turned unjustly out of his stately Westphalian home, encountering one catastrophe after another. The author points out that one of Voltaire's favorite comical devices is to restore the character to life by a series of highly detailed, yet utterly nonsensical circumstances, similar to modern-day TV soap operas. The paper states that Voltaire seems to conclude that honest work may be a cure for the wild ambition, deadly intrigues and nonsensical religious posturing of the day.
From the Paper "Voltaire, of course, leaves it to the reader to decipher the comical (and mind-boggling) backwardness of the worldview of this simpleton sage. Then, some time after the castle has been ravaged and they have all been forced to flee, Candide encounters Pangloss, his health obviously broken and pathetic. Pangloss, recalling for Candide's benefit "Pacquette, that pretty wench who waited on our noble baroness" when they were all back at the castle together, explains his condition in considerable - and bawdy."
Tags: satirical, exaggeration, catastrophe, nonsensical, work
