Abstract
This paper explains that, when a society loses its language, it also can lose a significant amount of its cultural identity. The paper indicates that, in just 20 years, this is happening to the Yupik Eskimo communities in Alaska . The author proposes comparing Yupik language stories to other tales from the Native Americans, the Anglo-Europeans, Africans and the Asians. The paper stresses that, although Yupik stories have been homogenized by their translation into English, enough of the original cultural flavor of the stories remains so that such a comparison could still be made.

From the Paper
"According to the UNESCO Endangered Languages website, there are only a few pieces of fiction in Eskimo including a book of short stories, mostly, for schoolchildren, and several books of poetry. There are about ten publications of folklore (fairy tales, myths, legends). A number of folklore texts (recorded as scripts) is represented in the works of W.G. Bogoraz and devoted to the studies of Eskimo language. ...There have recently been a few Alaskan stories published by new authors who have adapted older stories."

Tags:children, culture, folklore, translation

Abstract
The paper relates that the continuance and historical understanding of the remaining approximate 200 tribal languages in Alaska is a significant cultural and educational concern for the American Indian and Alaska Native societies. The paper looks at the Yupik language in order to determine how to study and preserve it. The paper presents a research proposal to contrast and compare Yupik tales to other tales from the Native-Americans, the Anglo-Europeans, Africans and the Asians. This would allow an examination of the differences and similarities between cultures.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Proposal

From the Paper
"Languages have subtle nuances that cannot be translated. They embody the philosophy of a people. This information is gone when its language disappears. Linguists now believe that half the languages spoken today will disappear within the next century. This is true for some Yupik Eskimo communities in Alaska, where just 20 years ago all of the children spoke Yupik. Now, the youngest speakers of Yupik in some of these communities are in their 20s, and the children speak only English (Robins; Alaskan Native Language Center)."

Tags:tales, indigenous, literary, traditions, culture

Abstract
The following paper will look at the growing list of endangered languages within Africa and what this means for the continent and for linguistic diversity the world over. Specifically, the paper will provide a brief summary of nearly extinct languages as they exist within the continent and acknowledge that there seems to be some general confusion over whether or not calling a language "endangered" is really the same thing as calling it "nearly extinct". In any event, this section of the paper will certainly underscore that dozens of African languages - at least 46, as a matter of fact - are in imminent peril and possibly at least as many more are headed in that direction. Having briefly defined what it is that makes a language "endangered" and how things appear to stand in Africa, the paper will then turn to look at what languages have been on the endangered list at one time or another and have not survived; time will also be devoted to looking at what the impact of language endangerment (and extinction) is for Africa (and for all geographic regions of the world faced with this problem) and what can be done to stem the tide. In the final analysis, more effort needs to be undertaken to teach young people about their cosmopolitan linguistic heritage in the classrooms of Africa and affirmative action programs that will prop up the most vulnerable of these languages in African communities should be explored - though it is doubtful that some of them (maybe even many of them) can now be saved. Still, that is no excuse for not trying to salvage what can be salvaged.

From the Paper
The Endangered Languages of Africa The following paper will look at the growing list of endangered languages within Africa and what this means for the continent and for linguistic diversity the world over. Specifically, the paper will provide a brief summary of nearly extinct languages as they exist within the continent and acknowledge that there seems to be some general confusion over whether or not calling a language "endangered" is really the same thing as calling it "nearly extinct". In any event, this section of the paper will certainly underscore that dozens of African languages - at least 46, as a matter of fact - are in imminent peril and possibly at least as many more are headed

Tags:endangered, languages, africa

Abstract
This paper analyzes the language of Ingrian, one of the languages of Russia. The paper explains that only 302 people speak Ingrian and that UNESCO classifies it as a seriously endangered language. The author also discusses syntax and morphology.

From the Paper
"Ingrian one of the languages of Russia is an endangered language. When a language is classified as endangered it means that the language is in danger of extinction. Languages become extinct for a variety of reasons ..."

Tags:Ingrians, Finns, language, dialect, culture, morphology, phonology, morphosyntax, Russia, East Baltic, linguistics

Abstract
Endangered Species are plants and animals that will be extinct soon and will possibly be never seen again in life. The reason why endangered species and habitats become extinct are primarily a result of an overpopulation of human beings who force the plants and animals out of their natural habitat, leaving them little room to grow or reproduce. This leads to scarcity and, eventually, extinction. This paper discusses how humans are threatening the natural habitat of animals and plants and the ultimate consequence of that threat.

From the Paper
"In other words, many goods and services from other countries are being exported to the United States in order to gather revenue for that country. Whether the products are fish or furniture--even if that countries ecosystem is in jeopardy--the wealth continues to flourish in order to keep the humans living. Another example, "In Florida, exotic plants, such as hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), and water lettuce (Pistia straiotes), are altering fish and other aquatic animal species, choking waterways, altering nutrient cycles, and reducing recreational use of rivers and lakes" (Liebold 4)."

Tags:endangered, specie, habitat

Abstract
The paper uses the biodiversity argument and discusses how in essence, protecting endangered species maintains biodiversity. The paper looks at different jurisdictions on protecting endangered species.

From the Paper
"Animals, plants and other organisms exist in complex communities within ecosystems. An ecosystem is defined as, "The most inclusive ecological level. The sum of the abiotic and biotic components of a defined system or region"(Krohne 1998: 705). What this means is that ecosystems can be altered on a fundamental level with the elimination of one species. The fact that human beings live in ecosystems like every other organism means that we have a strong interest in maintaining the integrity of our ecosystems. Biodiversity plays an important role in ecosystem integrity. Biodiversity is defined as, "Biological diversity, including species...""

Tags:protecting, endangered, species

Abstract
The paper reveals that the giant panda is an endangered species, and its already limited habitat in China is becoming more at risk due to the pressures of rapid human population growth and development. The paper looks at how several hopeful steps have been taken to help prevent extinction and asserts that ultimately, to save the panda, human population growth and development will have to consciously consider and balance its impact on the giant panda.

From the Paper
"With its eyes surrounded with black circular patches and its fluffy black ears perched on the white head of its black and white body, the magnificent giant panda is one of the most easily recognizable animals in the world. As one author said "Cuteness is the panda's most salient characteristic" (Maple, 2000). These famous features and the panda's "charismatic" behavior attract many thousands of visitors to the approximately 100 giant pandas in captivity around the world (Lumpkin and Seidensticker, 2002). But the giant panda is an endangered species, which means ongoing steps must be taken to ensure its survival. Giant panda..."

Tags:giant, panda, endangered

Abstract
This paper provides a discussion on the increased numbers of endangered species in the world due to increased globalization and development and the rise in the number of species threatened with extinction. Various causes for the increases are discussed along with both misguided and effective conservation policies.

From the Paper
"According to the Fish and Wildlife Service of the U.S. Department of Interior, there were ... species classified as endangered in the United States, with another ... classified as threatened as of September ... Increasing globalization and its impact on the environment are increasing the number of extinct and endangered species the world over. The World Conservation Union provides the most comprehensive data on the world's threatened species in what is called the Red List which currently lists species as endangered and as..."

Tags:Bush Administration, Endangered Species Act, Fish and Wildlife Service, Arctic, rain forest, natural resources, population, eco-tourism, trade bans, elephants, grey wolves, seals, polar bears, bees

Abstract
This paper describes and explains the theory of the language experience approach. The paper expresses the value of second language acquisition at a young age. The paper then examines the critical hypothesis theory and its relation to second language acquisition. Also discussed, is the importance of the environment in which one is learning a second language and the impact of the environment on learning a new language.

Table of Contents:
Language Experience Acquisition
Secondary Language Acquisition
The Age Differential in Secondary Language Acquisition
Critical Period Hypothesis
Environment of Secondary Language Acquisition
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The best age for the beginning of another foreign language has been a topic of much debate. Leading advocates of secondary language study contend that 'The younger the better' is the best time to begin the studying of secondary languages. This is due to the ease in which young children seem to pick up the new sounds and phrases. It is further recommended that the study being prior to the age of twelve, as in this way there are still a number of years remaining in their school tenure during which to study. However, there is a lower limit, as most elementary schools have found that teaching students a secondary language before the third or fourth grade, ages eight or nine, is not practical, as the primary grades must first focus upon basic skills of literacy in their primary language. (Hildreth 136) The topic has been further researched, with differing opinions in regards to the topic emerging, with those regarding the critical period of life during which a secondary language may be learned being of particular merit."

Tags:speech writing language immersion, oral communication, environment

Abstract
This paper explains that communicative competence is made up of four competence areas: Linguistic, which is knowing how to use the language's grammar, syntax and vocabulary; sociolinguistic, knowing how to use and respond to language appropriately; discourse, knowing how to interpret the larger context and to construct a coherent whole and strategic, knowing how to recognize and repair communication breakdowns by working around gaps in one's knowledge of the language. The author points out that communicative language teaching (CLT) began because educators and linguists were dissatisfied with the audiolingual and grammar-translation methods of foreign language instruction. The paper stresses that communicative language teaching places great emphasis on helping students use the target language in a variety of contexts and places great emphasis on learning language functions.

Table of Contents
Communicative Competence
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
Principles and Characteristics of CLT
Communicative Activities
Teacher's Roles in Communicative Language Teaching
Implementation of CLT in ESL and EFL Countries

From the Paper
"Other research studies focus on the difficulty attributed to the English as a first language environment. In 1996, studies by Stapleton pointed out how Confucianism as a belief system appears to be in tension with underlying notions of communicative language teaching. In these studies, Stapeton examined the theory that Confucianism establishes the superior status and knowledge of the teacher over that of the students, thus elevating the role of the teacher above the students. In 1998, Li studied teaching and learning in China, concluding that local conditions seem to be detrimental to communicative language teaching methodology."

Tags:real-life, enhancement, classroom, competence, foreign-language