Abstract
This essay explores the emotions and feelings in the decision making process. It does this by first defining what is meant by the decision making process. It then looks at emotions and feelings in consumer psychology, relating how this impacts on the decision-making process. The essay also views the role of these emotions and feelings in the decision-making process in the South African context, and discusses various ways in which emotions and feelings can be used in a marketing strategy to enhance marketing communication (i.e.: the combination of advertising, the sales force, public relations, packaging and any other technique in which that the company provides itself and its products) and a company's total product (i.e.: the entire set of characteristics involved in the marketing strategy).

From the Paper
"The most perverse and influential assumption in consumer behavior research is that a decision making process precedes purchases (ie: that the consumer goes through a complex process of deciding what and where to purchase, before the actual purchasing itself). Many definitions of the decision making process exist, but most agree that two or more actions occur within it and, therefore, choice must occur. In addition, individual consumer's "evaluative criteria" facilitate the forecasting of each alternative's consequences for the consumer's goals or objectives. Further, the chosen alternative is determined by an evaluative procedure, and information sought from external sources or retrieved from memory is processed in the application of this evaluation process (Olshavsky & Granbois, 1991). Interestingly, there is evidence that a significant proportion of purchases may not be preceded by a decision process, and that for many purchases, a decision process never occurs."

Tags:african, consumer, context, culture, decision, emotions, feelings, making, market, process, psychology, south, strategy

Abstract
This paper describes a study to assess individual differences among preschoolers' emotional understanding, verbal ability, and gender role behavior. The paper relates that the study looks at simple and complex emotional understanding and children's vocabulary ability, as well as gender differences in preschool children and how their parents perceive their gender role behavior. In addition, the paper describes the different methods used in the study to find out the preschoolers' knowledge of emotions.

From the Paper
"Young children's understanding of emotions has been the topic of many studies; some results being similar and some contradicting. The article "Preschoolers' Understanding of Simple and Complex Emotions: Links with gender and language" (Bosacki & Moore, 2004) discusses the research issue of how there are differences among individual preschoolers when it comes to understanding emotions and how gender and language play a role. The complexity of emotions is also looked at and how the usage by children can differ based on simple and complex. Different cultures also have different ideas of how to express one's self and how to feel in different scenarios. Children across cultures are exposed to different languages, beliefs and values; social experiences also come along with those differences. Children's understanding of the emotions they experience and the emotions people around them experience are drawn from their particular culture or gender. People around them may be parents, siblings, peers, daycare teachers or any other part of the Childs mesosystem (Shaffer, Wood & Willoughby, 2005). When decoding a child's understanding of emotion there are different aspects to take into consideration; the child's gender, culture, vocabulary ability and their capability of translating simple emotions into something more complex."

Tags:understanding, correlation, emotions

Abstract
The paper explains that this depends on who the viewer is and the relationship of the viewer and Jesus. The paper discusses that while some people believe Jesus is the Son of God, others believe he was only a prophet. The writer relates that the picture of "Jesus at Thirty-Three" brings many emotions including sadness, compassion, peace, power, joy and love when he/she looks at the picture.

Tags:art, christ, emotions

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the recent decades have shown swings in the trends of social theories concerning understanding of the human emotions. In an attempt to mitigate the seemingly contrasting views, the writer makes use of four articles pertaining to the limitations confronted by dichotomous approaches and the infiltration of Western ideology into cross-cultural comparisons. The writer looks at John Leavitt's article, 'Meaning and Feeling in the Anthropology of Emotions', that is instrumental in its direct confrontation of the Western dualism inherent to modern scholarly attempts at explaining emotions in relation to either the body or the mind. The writer points out that Margot Lyon's article, 'Missing Emotion: The Limitations of Cultural Constructionism in the Study of Emotion', operates on much the same level; however, there is a lesser focus on anthropological and scientific philosophy and a greater emphasis on reembodying anthropological studies in a move away from extreme culturally-oriented approaches. The writer maintains that the third article, Catherine Lutz's 'Emotion, Thought, and Estrangement: Emotion as a Cultural Category', examines the concept as Western cultural category and its being embedded in dichotomies. Lastly, the writer discusses that William Reddy's article, 'Against Constructionism', illustrates the inherent flaws in constructionists' approaches to emotion and their failure to accurately explain the basic emotional experience. The writer concludes that human emotion is shaped by both culture and the body.

From the Paper
"Much like Leavitt, Lyon takes up an argument against the limitations in the study of emotions; however, Lyon's position is pitted directly against constructionism, whereas Leavitt's found fault within the mind/body dichotomy generally inherent to Western ideology. While each author tackles a different subject in particular, the two points should not be seen as either exclusive or divergent, as each is merely arguing within narrower spheres within the larger context of permeation of the Western models into anthropological theory and practice.
"Among the problems Lyon sees as necessarily inherent to constructionism, the first to be addressed is the ideation of culture. If emotions are to be understood as being culturally constructed, notions of emotion are, as a result, overly-exemplified as being cognitive "

Tags:feelings, mind, body, emotional, experiences

Abstract
This essay discusses the role that the emotions play in human understanding and conduct. It starts by pointing out that the British tradition of empirical scepticism does not preclude moral objectivity, and that Hume in particular lays much stress on the emotions as guiding towards moral truths. The writer then describes the moral subjectivism of the logical positivists and there efforts to dismiss the emotions as insignificant states of mind. Against this strain the essay presents the arguments of various realists and quasi-realists. Wiggins is shown to argue that moral judgments can be both subjective and objective at the same time, and where the emotions play the role of guiding the subjective impressions towards objectivity. Blackburn is shown to guide this line of reasoning towards practical and moral life, where the latter is shown to be the sublimation of the former, and is filtered through the emotions. Finally, Oakley is shown to describe the emotions in terms of strengthening of purpose. The conclusion drawn that morality is not a mere state of mind but describes the impulse to activity, which is also the embodiment of objectivity, and the emotions play a crucial role in guiding towards truth.

From the Paper
"In the British tradition of empirical scepticism, all knowledge is derived from the senses, and is thus subject to relativism. The four great sceptics in this tradition are Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley and Hume. Yet in none of their cases does material scepticism lead to moral scepticism. Hobbes was staunchly conservative; Locke advanced a theory of the natural rights of man; Berkeley was confident that all objective truth was in the mind of God, and Hume proposed a ``science of man''. The recent debate surrounds the question as to what extent moral perceptions are objective. The realists hold that they are purely objective, while the anti-realists argue for pure subjectivity. The quasi-realists fall somewhere in between. Simon Blackburn, a proponent of quasi-realism, insists on the subjectivity of moral perceptions, yet believes that rational accounts can be given for such perceptions. Wiggins, on the other hand, does not see why there should be an either/or option."

Tags:states, of, mind, moral, subjectivism, non-cognitivism, morality, realism

Abstract
This paper discusses the significance of personality and emotions in the workplace. The paper evaluates two articles that discuss management theorists and the effects of personality and emotions in the workplace. It summarizes and discusses "The "A" List of Emotions in Mediation from Anxiety to Agreement," by Amy Lieberman and "Emotions in the Workplace: The Neglect of Organizational Behavior" by Paul Muchinsky.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Summary of Each Article
Comparison of both Articles' Arguments
Conclusion

From the Paper
"From the literature reviewed, there is abundant evidence showing the critical need to further understand how emotions and personalities influence workplace performance and environment. Managers and leaders must have a firm grounding in the concepts presented by these authors and cited sources to effectively manage individual subordinates and teams. Taking the time to understand how emotional responses to stimuli vary by each member of a team is just as critical as understanding how their unique strengths and weaknesses contribute to the broader company objectives. From this standpoint it is clear that just as critical as managing resources, leaders must also manage emotions through the use of effective programs and approaches to encourage trust and collaboration over the long term."

Tags:environment, leadership, performance

Abstract
Many research studies focus on negative emotions and their adverse impact on individuals? capacity to function. Based on this premise, this paper focuses on the role positive emotions play in influencing various aspects of human thought and behavior, especially research studies that have proved that positive emotions can help alleviate the pain of chronically ill patients. Furthermore, positive emotions can also improve the thought processes of the brain. In analyzing 20 articles on the subject, the author verifies the validity of these research studies and determines how positive emotions can assert a positive impact on the human mind and body.

From the Paper
"Using a factor analysis, the researchers found that positive affect was a strong predictor of the overall quality of the interaction between the two partners. On the other hand, negative affect did not predict any dimensions of the interaction in the first study. For the second study, positive affect was related to the frequency and the quality of the social interaction. At the same time, negative affect was also related to the frequency and the quality of the social interaction. More significantly, individuals with high negative affect were shown to have significantly more same-sex interaction than opposite-sex dyadic interactions."

Tags:dopaminine, DSM-IV, anova, SWB, secretory, immunoglobulin

Abstract
The paper examines the claim of Robert C. Roberts that emotions are concern-based construals, where their cognitive and conative elements merge into each other to give rise to perceptual immediacy. The paper introduces Hume's notion of "reason being a slave to the passions" and explains how this precludes the possibility of metaphysics of the emotions. The principal aim of this paper is to show that even though emotions cannot be described in rational terms, there is nevertheless scope for philosophical clarity, and that Roberts' account of the emotions provides such clarity.

From the Paper
"At first sight this appears to present a paradox. But it must be remembered that Roberts aims for a conceptual analysis rather that a purely rational one. According to deterministic psychology, only scientific methods can tell us what the emotions really are. For example, Paul Griffiths places the onus on evolutionary biology and neuroscience to describe emotion. But Roberts insists that such account must remain inadequate because the analysis must be at the level of the person, and that this level is irreplaceable. The personal concerns are paramount in this analysis. According to Roberts, "[a]s a concern-based construal the emotion makes two kinds of claims, first about what we might call the structure of the situation that the emotion is about, and second about its importance or bearing". The first claim involves an element of cognition, for its aim is to understand the world as it is. The second claim involves a conative element, i.e. it reflects the desires of the person, and projects such desires on to the world."

Tags:irrationality, paradox, cognitivism, Hume, Kant

Abstract
This paper explores the definition of an emotion. While everyone experiences emotions, defining what an emotion is can be difficult. The paper states that an emotion is not a single thing but a multi-dimensional definition with cognitive, physiological, purposive, and social components. The paper then looks at all the components and issues related to emotions including what creates them and what outcome do they have on the person. The paper reviews two recent and common theories on emotions, known as the organismic model and the interactional model.

From the Paper
"Explanations offered by the organismic model and the interactional model differ, and the differences between the two models indicate different links between social factors and emotion. In the organismic model, social factors trigger biological reactions and steer how these reactions are expressed into customary channels, while in the interactional model, social factors enter into the very formulation of emotions by means of codification, management, and expression."

Tags:happiness, love, humanity, psychology, organismic, interaction, self, society

Abstract
The writer characterizes her emotions seven times per day for three consecutive days, using the short version of Carroll Izard's differential emotion scale (DES). The writer analyzes her emotions in the DES' categories of interest, joy, surprise, distress, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame and guilt and then offers a brief review of the results. The writer includes a diary of emotions data collection grid.

From the Paper
"Before analyzing the result of the cataloging process, some remarks on my specific uses of Izard's emotions are necessary. Frequently, when I attempted to characterize my emotional state, the most prominent psychological and physiological state was tiredness. Although tiredness is arguably not an emotion, its effects on my mental state were pronounced and so I took tiredness to be a specific manifestation of distress and therefore listed distress as my primary emotion. This explains the apparently paradoxical appearance of both distress and joy at the same time several times over the course of those three days."

Tags:interest, joy, surprise, distress, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, guilt