Abstract This paper examines New York city's zoning laws as a principle means of regulating land use. The paper shows that through zoning, a city regulates building size, population density and the way land is used. Zoning recognizes the changing demographic and economic conditions of the city and is a key tool for carrying out planning policy. The writer uses New York city as an example, as it enacted the nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution in 1916 and continues to be a leader in zoning policy in the United States.
From the Paper "New York City's Department of Planning is responsible for implementing the zoning regulations. In order to effectively carry out the concepts identified by the zoning regulations, the city has been divided into three basic zoning districts: residential, commercial and manufacturing. These categories are then further subdivided into retail or manufacturing areas, parking, building or residential. Areas designated as public parks do not fall under these regulations."
Abstract This paper reviews the rise of Export Processing Zones (EPZ) in the developing world as an important and widespread aspect of the current trend of economic globalization. This economic globalisation is bringing immense wealth to some multinational companies, also known as transnational corporations or TNCs. However what impact do these EPZs have on their host countries? Do they contribute to, or hinder, development in the developing world? In this paper it will be argued that in the big picture, the effects of EPZ's are negative. According to the paper, while they may appear to contribute to a short-term economic boom, they have insidious bad effects that are long term.
Abstract This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech as presented in Mary Louise Pratt's essay "Arts of the Contact Zone." The paper gives a brief description of King's life and the impact his speech had on the civil rights movement. The reviewer defines Pratt's term "autoethnographic text" which was used in the essay to describe the speech. The paper then outlines and analyzes King's speech, using quotations. The paper concludes by stating that King felt black and white Americans had far more commonalities than differences.
From the Paper "Martin Luther King gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963, during a massive march calling for black civil rights. King was a Baptist minister who worked tirelessly for civil rights until his assassination in 1968. King's speech helped mobilize the black community to work for civil rights and helped show the white community just what blacks faced in terms of segregation, bigotry, and prejudice. It also is an excellent example of the art of the contact zone - specifically how different groups can view the same experience with very different eyes."
Tags: Martin, Luther, King, Mary, Louise, Pratt, I, Have, a, Dream, Arts, of, the, Contact, Zone
Abstract This paper discusses the career of professional athlete, Emmitt Smith. The paper contends that there are some who say that Smith is only a football player and should certainly not lay a foundation of any significance in our culture. The writer of this paper believes otherwise and aims to prove that Emmitt Smith is and should continue to be a cultural icon for his many achievements.
Outline
Introduction
Cultural View
Sporting Icons
Emmitt Smith the Person
The Dallas Cowboys
Conclusion
From the Paper "These revenues that are generated in a direct or indirect manner by the professional athletes like Emmitt Smith also are an example of how important they are in the realm of the current trends towards globalization for both business and cultural views of the world. "One specific focus of these debates is whether or not the new international economic, national, and cultural alliances, in conjunction with an ever-expanding mediascape, are contributing to a standardized, homogenized, and globally shared culture. The emergent, simulated cultural space and experience, which are largely, but not exclusively, driven by the machinations of American-mediated popular culture, are seemingly demonstrated by the universal presence of commodity-signs such as CNN, Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Nike, Baywatch, the Disney Corporation, the NBA, and the focus of our analysis, Michael Jordan. While it would be a mistake to deny the global ubiquity of this ever-expanding economy of cultural artifacts, it would be equally erroneous to suggest that an increased circulation of commodity-signs inevitably leads to the creation of globally homogeneous or "Americanized" patterns of popular cultural existence." (Sands) "
Abstract This paper examines the economic perception of zoning as somehow infringing on the rights of property owners and indirectly interfering with the free market. It explains that some researchers disagree with this perception and say that the primary criticisms directed towards zoning are that zoning is unfair to some property owners to a greater degree than others and therefore inherently biased, and that zoning adds unnecessary and often excessive transaction costs that in effect are economic externals. The writer notes that not having any controls on the economic development of a region would result in commercial activity being developed in or near residential neighborhoods that would negatively impact housing values of all the surrounding neighborhoods. The writer believes that zoning is in itself useful and necessary but there should be a bargaining element introduced that removes sole decisive power from the municipality to one degree or another. The writer concludes that currently there is no alternative to any zoning decision made by municipalities and this is not necessarily good either.
From the Paper "Many economists consider zoning a response to population growth and specifically urban sprawl in that zoning can be considered a solution to these problems relative to land use issues. Zoning is essentially an extension of political control over the development process within communities. Political controls over land use manifested through zoning laws are in place in every province of Canada and, in many cases, rationalized through environmental reasons or, conversely, are used to indicate that public utilities or services do not have the ability to service additional development in a given area."
Abstract The paper discusses the logic and reason behind zoning laws - whereby the City Planning Department claims that zoning shapes the city. It looks at the history of the development of some of these laws and how the NYC zoning plans have become models for other major cities. It also examines why the City faces obstacles in trying to implement certain zoning policies.
From the Paper "In New York City, zoning is a principal means of land use regulation. According to the New York City Department of City Planning, zoning shapes the city. Through zoning, many aspects of the city are defined and regulated, including building size, population density and how the land is used. Zoning focuses on the changing demographic and economic conditions of the city and works to carry out planning policy.
In 1916, New York City passed the first comprehensive zoning resolution in the United States. The city's first Zoning Resolution, which was a fairly simple document, determined height and setback controls and separated what were seen as functionally incompatible uses, including factories, from residential neighborhoods."
Abstract This paper explains that New York City was the first community in the nation to institute a zoning ordinance, the New York 1916 Zoning Resolution, to establish specific height and setback controls on all buildings in an attempt to create a barrier that would stop manufacturing and industry from encroaching on Manhattan's office and department store district. The author points out that New York had the unique problem of skyscrapers blocking sunlight; therefore, the zoning ordinance laid down rules that buildings would forever be shaped similarly to a wedding cake, layered toward the top in like a stair-step method. The paper explains that newer zoning requirements must take into consideration the idea of environmental and resident protection, social and economic well-being, and the use of natural resources, such as ponds and wildlife habitats.
From the Paper "There were attempts by newly disgruntled landowners, those who were zoned out of profits, to try to label the new zoning ordinances as unconstitutional. One specific case set the precedence for the rest of the country. In a small town in Ohio, the local government passed a zoning ordinance and the result devalued some sixty-eight acres of land that was owned by an Ambler Realty Company. Ambler Realty Company subsequently sued the town Euclid because they claimed that their land was literally taken and that the zoning ordinance was in violation of the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Ambler Realty Company's argument was the literal interpretation of the Constitution, which says that private property cannot be revoked for public use unless the party revoking the land provides due or just compensation."
Abstract This paper argues that local municipalities are in the best position to judge where zoning divisions should occur and when and if any exceptions to such zoning regulations should be made. The author points out that the most characteristic channels for airing contentions are public hearings and systematic consultations, with everyone involved in a particular decision having the opportunity to have their opinions heard and their interests understood. The paper relates that the concept of local zoning began on July 25, 1916, when the New York City Board of Estimate and Apportionment approved an ordinance to control building volumes and land uses throughout greater New York.
From the Paper "Speaking in front of the Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions, President of the Department of Taxes and Assessments, Lawson Purdy, stressed the economic character of the problem facing them at the time: "Tenement houses, more euphoniously called apartment houses, built to the full limit allowed by law, have intruded into a territory beautifully developed with single family dwellings at great cost, well constructed, in condition to last for a hundred year, and have destroyed their value in large measure" By and large, the Commission's Final Report advanced the notion of the protection of the home as a primary goal of the proposed regulations."
Abstract This paper examines how the digital explosion has reconstituted markedly the surveillance and data-collecting behaviors of the state and federal government to the detriment of the constitutional liberties of American citizens. The areas designated as "constitutional free zones" are analyzed and the digital technologies used in surveillance of these areas are described. The paper also discusses the infringement of constitutional rights and other dangers of constitutional free zones. In addition, the paper presents dialogues with individuals, friend, students and police officers about their opinions on the movement towards zero-privacy and the breakdown of constitutional liberties.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Constitutional-Free Zones Digital Technology Used to Patrol Boarders and Costal Zones Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
Data Collection and Retention
Automated Targeting System (ATS)
Some of the Other Border Technologies
Informal Survey of Cambridge Residents
Conclusion
From the Paper "Some individuals maybe concerned about the increasing data surveillance techniques of private data aggregator companies. However, the greatest threat to privacy and constitutional liberties comes not from corporations but from our own government, Big Brother. Historical, but more increasingly since 9-11, our government has demonstrated that it is willing to compromise our individual constitutional rights in pursuit of nameless, unidentified, unjustified, unknown threats or terrorist."
Tags: zero-privacy surveillance border database, coastal states
Abstract This paper explores the issue of writing in the contact zone, where the writer incorporates the individual's culture. To illustrate these points, "How to Tame a Wild Tongue" by Gloria Anzaldua is discussed as an example of writing in the contact zone. The paper begins by discussing the problems seen in Anzaluda's piece, followed by a discussion of the benefits of the piece and why they are so important. The writer believes that the benefits of writing in the contact zone far outweighs the risks involved.
From the Paper "The first risk of writing in the contact zone is that the writing style will alienate readers, creating the situation where the only individuals that find meaning in the piece are those with the same culture. Anzaldua does take this risk with "How to Tame a Wild Tongue" by writing in a style that does make it a challenge to understand. One of the most noticeable factors is the mixing of English and Spanish. The following two sentences are an example of how she mixes the two languages, "Even our own people, other Spanish speakers nos quieren poner candados en la boca."
Abstract This paper examines the issue of land use zoning in urban areas. Briefly the economists' critique of property and land use zoning is identified and outlined. The quality of Bradley Karkkainen's critique "Zoning: A Reply to the Critics" is then assessed.
Abstract This paper analyzes the Saudia Arabian market in order to determine how best to market the Juice Zone company in the region. The paper first presents a brief overview of the Juice Zone and then provides an overview of the Saudi Arabian market. Next, the paper presents both a STEP analysis and a SWAT analysis for marketing the Juice Zone in the region.
Outline:
Company Overview
Market Overview
STEP Analysis
Social
Technological
Economic
Political
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
From the Paper "Another important cultural, and legal, consideration in Saudi Arabia is Shariah, or Shari'ah, or alternatively Sharia: Islamic Law. Islamic law is based on the principles of moral, ethical and religious conduct as outlined in the Koran. Siddiqi describes Shari'ah as: "The value system of Islam provides guidelines for all aspects of human behaviour, including economic, legal, political, social, material, cultural and moral affairs, contained in the Shari'ah..." ("Banking" par.1). The general importance of Shari'ah can not be discounted because it has a profound impact on the business, financial and banking industries in Saudi Arabia."
Abstract In order to understand what factors to determine the division of authority between local governments and the states, this paper clarifies the effect of local government's autonomy behind zoning decision mechanisms undertaken by local governments. Section 2 explains two different legal terminologies - Home Rule and Dillon's Rule. Section 3 explains that zoning is considered as a municipal property right in context of the Tiebout-Hamilton-Fischel world and is understood as the local "police power". Section 4 presents the debate of recent proposals, examines which states were likely to take over land use regulation from local governments and presents a case study of compromise between Home Rule and state intervention: the Long Island Pine Barrens Protection Act. The paper includes tables and maps.
From the Paper "Most characterize Dillon's rule as a rule of "strict" construction that gives as little power as can be reasonably intimated by the state legislature's grant of authority (e.g. Ownes, 2000). In Dillon's Rule, interpreting that local governments are creatures of the states, empowerment depends on statutory action at the state level, is just one of the many rules of statutory construction employed by courts. In particular, some state courts use Dillon's Rule as a guide when interpreting grants of authority from the state legislature to local governments."
Abstract The paper deals with free economic zones introduced by the United Arab Emirates designed to attract foreign investment in the region by providing various tax benefits. The paper assesses the effects on the economy at a local and national level and isolates any negative effects. It also presents a strategy to reduce any negative outcomes in future free economic zone development.
Outline:
Introduction
Rationale
Aims and Objectives
Methodology and Theoretical Approaches
Plan of Action
Resource Requirements
Ethical Consideration
From the Paper "After the success of the Jebel Ali Free-trade Zone, high demand has led to the creation of further zones with equal or better benefits provided. For example, in 1990 the Dubai Internet City and the Dubai Media City were created offering an initial period of fifty tax-free years, and the extra benefit of there being no restrictions on sponsorship or partnership for the investors in the area. This, along with the advantages of the technical infrastructure, have led to a number of leading international companies such as Microsoft, McGraw-Hill and CNN moving to this zone. The Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) was created later, in 2004, offering similar benefits to the previous trade-free zones, although this time aimed at financial companies. The manner in which the trade-free zone enables financial companies to gain a permanent foothold within the region is expected to strengthen the economic activities of not only the UAE, but the Middle East as a whole. In this region there are also no restraints as to how long the companies can remain under the tax benefits available, making investment in this area highly lucrative for international financial companies. "
Abstract This paper examines special economic zones in North Korea and China. It compares and contrasts them. The Chinese were earliest and are most widespread, including Hong Kong. The North Korean experiment is recent and small but radical.
