Abstract
This paper examines the life, reign and scandals faced by Queen Elizabeth II of England. The paper describes the Queen as a fascinating historical figure from even before she took the throne at the age of twenty-five. It further examines her reign as being marked by controversy within her family, especially with regard to the lives and marriages of her children. She continues to stand as a symbol of Britain, ruling as Queen, and volunteering to support the war effort, showing her passion, and commitment to her country. Despite the scandals surrounding the marriages of people near her, this paper describes Queen Elizabeth's life and accomplishments in a positive and respectful tone.

Outline
Introduction
Geographic Origins
Religious and Cultural Significance
Queen Elizabeth II and Bad Publicity
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Queen Elizabeth was not the original successor to the throne. The Queen's Uncle, King Edward VIII, who was king at the time of her birth, brought scandal to the Royal family when he began to spend time with a so-called commoner, American divorcee Wallis Simpson. (Green, Robert. Queen Elizabeth II. Franklin Watts, 1997.) . The Church of England, bowing to the prevailing social views of the time, did not view King Edward's actions as acceptable behavior, particularly due to his royal position. (Green, Robert . Queen Elizabeth II. Franklin Watts, 1997.) In the wake of the scandal, Queen Elizabeth's father Prince Albert became king when his brother abdicated the throne to marry Simpson. This made the way for the young Princess to inherit the title."

Tags:Queen Elizabeth II, England, Britain, Prince Charles, Pincess Diana, Diana Spencer, scandal, royal, King Charles

Abstract
This paper examines the play, "Richard II," written by William Shakespeare. The paper discusses the purpose of the play, particularly the theme of God choosing the heir to a throne. The women's issues that are presented in the play are also looked at by the paper. The paper focuses on whether or not someone's birth right entitles him or her to remain in power and how this relates to Richard.

From the Paper
"Richard II is important because it allows for the audience to decide whether or not divine right is the correct way for a ruler to be chosen. Richard is a character who is presented as a weak and selfish man. He spends much of the kingdom's money on personal allowances, and his indecisiveness leads to many problems for the country. He is also unable to eliminate his enemies and those who threaten his power. Because of this, he is not seen as an effective ruler and is therefore eventually hated by the people. Richard uses language to get out of dealing with stressful situations, as he would rather talk about thing diplomatically than deal with them. He also hides behind the fact that the majority of Christians believed that the monarchy was appointed by God and, therefore, it should never be questioned. Richard held the belief that since he was born into this family, that God wished for him to be king and, thus, he should be permitted to hold this power until his death. Hereford was the man who much of the country thought of as the rule, as he was a very popular man who wished to become king, but Richard hid behind the conventions of the monarchy for a very long time."

Tags:kingdom, Elizabeth, character, plot

Abstract
This paper presents a comparison of William Shakespeare's "Richard II" and "Macbeth". The paper assesses to what extent these two plays endorse notions of divine right and royal absolutism. These terms are defined in order to facilitate an understanding of the thesis. The different motifs of the plays are examined in the paper.

From the Paper
"Richard's eloquence and lack of propensity to enter into battle forms a strong contrast to Bolingbroke who is portrayed as a man of action. Shakespeare perhaps though viewed the latter as a bully as he wrestles the crown from an eloquently verbose Richard, 'With mine own hands I give away my crown, With mine own tongue deny my sacred state,'(4.1.199-200,Norton). Richard's words here abrogating his kingly, God-given status, but his actions on stage perhaps contradicting them. The semiotics of the crown are pivotal, the crown itself the symbol of a king. The crown though is a hollow void, and the mere possession of it does not confer the rightful status of a king. Bolingbroke himself is never completely at ease in his usurpation, as he acknowledges at the play's end, 'I'll make a voyage to the holy land, To wash this blood off from my guilty hand.'(5.6.47-48,IBID) The repeated Christ-like motif reiterates the injustice of Richard's fate."

Tags:bolingbroke, elizabeth, monarchy

Abstract
The paper examines how Bowen in her novel "The Heat of the Day" uses the bleak destructive nature of war as an ideal setting for romantic love between Londoners, mainly utilizing the relationship of the protagonist, Stella, as its evidence. The writer discusses that this novel, which was set in World War II, arguably captures a passionate view on what is beautiful. The writer discusses that Bowen utilizes the context of World War II to demonstrate certain effects of wartime on the populace: an air of secrecy, and a spread of propaganda, just to name a few. However, neither of these wartime themes conveys how the text renders beauty amid the turmoil. The writer maintains that Bowen, in this novel, is concerned with a different idea of beauty: one that doesn't merely paint a serene autumn's day, but one that is focused on romantic love. The writer concludes that despite the somewhat bleak portrayal of war in this novel, Bowen depicts the effects of wartime as the ideal setting for romantic relations to flourish in.

From the Paper
"A method by which the novel demonstrates how wartime is ideal for romantic lovers is through its descriptions of Londoner's nightlife. There is an assortment of ways that the text discusses the effects of wartime on Londoners. Amongst those different ways is how they view their social life. In chapter five of the work, the narrator begins to divulge more on how Londoners reacted with one another at the start of the war, and how Stella and Robert came to meet. A particular passage from that chapter that demonstrates the effects of war on romance between Londoners is: "society became lovable; it had temperance of the stayers-on in London. The existence, surrounded by one another, of these people she nightly saw was fluid, holding itself the ideality of pleasure" (102). The beginning of the quote already begins to establish wars effects on Londoners and their views on love. The passage opens with "society became lovable" which plainly displays how war alters Londoners view on love, but what is important to understand is how that altered view came about. First, it must be understood that "temperance" means an attitude of self-restraint in passion and desire. Society in this passage shares the same views on self-restraint as the stayers-on in London, who are the people that Stella shares her nightlife with."

Tags:passion, relationships, war, romance, love

Abstract
This paper explains that Eamon de Valera was the architect of Ireland's economy and social reform, creating the church-state monolith, which still overshadows the country today. The author points out that, during World War II, de Valera chose to take a stand against Britain by declaring Ireland as a neutral state because he felt that opening the ports to international use during war would disrupt Ireland's commerce and trade. The paper relates that this neutrality cost Ireland self-sufficiency and a diminished share in the benefits of post-war European reconstruction, which left Ireland behind Western Europe in both cultural and economic seclusion. Ireland's economic growth suffered as a result.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Leadership
De Valera's Impact
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Before de Valera's birth, Ireland was in a state of despair and poverty. The country was still recovering from the Great Potato Famine and struggling under the oppressive rule of Mother England. Ireland lacked identity and fruits of labor at the international level. The core issue of the why behind Ireland's poverty was lack of opportunity for its people. The landlord-tenant relationship as feudal as it seems, made the common Irish man's ability to make a living futile. Only the upper class was benefiting from the laissez-faire system focused on agrarian lifestyle. Eamon de Valera grew up in such an Ireland where its people were evicted; starving and the land did not belong to them. The Irish party had failed to achieve Irish freedom through parliamentary methods. Ireland took advantage of Britain's preoccupation with the Boer War and its military inefficiencies to gain strength on the road to rebellion. It was in this bitter environment of struggle that de Valera's ideologies and foundation of leadership was formed. Being a crucial player in the Easter Rising, he would slowly gravitate up the ladder of power to become Ireland's most prominent leader. It was his actions and decisions during the Second World War that drew the blue print for the modern Ireland we know today."

Tags:wwii, neutrality, seaports, healthcare, catholic

Abstract
7A valiant, charismatic and strikingly handsome explorer named Sir Walter Raleigh was doomed to spend his life chasing after glory, plunging into a great adventure and coming hauntingly close to dazzling success, only to flee for his life. This paper shows the strife and hardship Raleigh went through to find El Dorado, (the city of gold) for his queen.
Sir Walter Raleigh and the Quest for El Dorado

I. Origin of El Dorado
II. Quixotic Doradism
III. Who is Walter Raleigh?
A. Brief History
B. Early years
IV. The Quest to Win Back the Queen
V. A Long Treacherous Voyage
A. The Journey Begins
B. Unlike the Spanish
C. Getting Closer to Victory
D. More Proof, or so it Seemed
E. The Good Times; the Bad Times
VI. The Unjust Death

From the Paper
"The myth of El Dorado, the richest place on earth originated in 1541 from the Chibcha or Muiscas people. They had a sophisticated civilization in what is known today as Colombia. To celebrate a deceased Chibcha monarch, he was first greased with a sticky resin, and then gold was blown onto his naked body through mouth pipes similar to blowguns. The golden sovereign was then taken to the sacred Lake Guatavita, (known for its creation by a meteorite) where he was dipped into the water, releasing the glittering paint. Taken literally, El Dorado means "the golden man." The conquerors were on a quest not only to find the El Dorado, but the kingdom that was copious enough to use the precious ore as a sacred paint. "

Tags:adventure, british, literature

Abstract
The paper asserts that perhaps the most contentious constitutional debate in Canadian history was initiated in 1980 when the federal government proposed that an address be presented to the sovereign of Canada, Elizabeth II, requesting the patriation of the British North America Act to Canada, with the creation of an amending formula, along with the institution of a Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The paper discusses how while the Trudeau government intended this address be unilateral on the part of the federal government, many Canadian provincial governments protested, arguing that at this address would inevitably impact the respective constitutional powers of the federal and provincial governments. The paper relates that while two provinces - Ontario and New Brunswick - supported the federal government in this initiative, eight disagreed and launched a series of legal challenges with respect to three main areas: constitutional amendments; convention; and law (Bushnell 430). This paper explores the actions of the federal government to unilaterally patriate the Canadian constitution with regard to these three areas. The paper argues that the federal government's unilateral patriation of the Constitution cannot be substantiated with reference to jurisprudence in these three main areas.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most contentious constitutional debate in Canadian history was initiated in 1980 when the federal government proposed that an address be presented to the sovereign of Canada, Elizabeth II, requesting the patriation of the British North America Act to Canada, with the creation of an amending formula, along with the institution of a Charter of Rights and Freedoms. While the Trudeau government intended this address be..."

Tags:law, history, canada

Abstract
This paper is about the early European monarchies in Spain, France and England. The author examines the idea of ruling with fear in contrast to ruling with love. Includes examples of Queen Elizabeth, Henry VII, Henry VIII, Phillip II.

From the Paper
"A Prince that is feared, "much safer than," a Prince that is loved, writes Machiavelli. This point is debatable. During the years of Kings and Queens ruling their lands, there have been many different approaches to success. Some monarchs rule with love, keeping their subjects happy and kissing their feet. Others take the approach of strict rule, killing all those who step out of line to make an example for the rest of the kingdom. Still others try every way possible to lead their kingdom and still fail. Which approach to ruling, then, is the correct way? In my estimation the supreme way to rule a kingdom would be through love. Keeping your people happy, with no reason to revolt or step out of line. This is the ultimate way to rule. Elizabeth I, Queen of England, as well as, Henry IV, King of France, chose to rule with the powers of love. On the other hand, Henry VIII, King of England, and Phillip II, King of Spain, ruled out of fear. Finally, Mary, Queen of Scots, and Mary of Guise, failed to rule their land successfully."

Tags:elizabeth, europe, history, machiaveli, monarchy, rulers

Abstract
The paper reveals that it might seem illogical for Philip II to have launched the largest and most expensive naval force against England, an inferior monarchy. The paper explains that one motivation for launching the Armada against England was religion. The paper discusses how the Spanish knew they were no match for the English navy, yet the Spanish were considered the best soldiers in the world and so felt confident to challenge the English on ground. The paper illustrates the failure of the Spanish Armada and portrays how it destroyed both the image of the invincibility of the Spanish forces and Philip's reputation.

From the Paper
"According to author Neil Hanson, Philip II was a brilliant man at diplomacy, yet when it came to actually dispatching his Armada, he had no decisive plan. Moreover notes Hanson, it is a myth that the Spanish fleet outnumbered the English. Not only did the English have just as many ships as the Spanish, they were better ships and better armed (Conan). In fact, the British ships, guns, crew, and captains were probably somewhere between 20-30 years ahead of the Spanish, a fact not unbeknown to the Spanish (Conan). When asked by a Vatican representative about the chances of victory, one Spanish admiral remarked, "Well, the English have got better guns, better crews, better captain, better everything. So we're sailing in the confidant hope of a miracle," meaning the Spanish believed God would help them achieve victory (Conan)."

Tags:Philip, Queen, Elizabeth, navy, soldier, sailor

Abstract
This paper describes, compares and contrasts English and Spanish monarchies in the modern period. The paper presents attributes of each monarchy. The paper also examines how each royal house functions and the strategies they used to promote the goals of their countries.

Tags:England, Spain, Monarchy, Elizabeth, II, Juan, Carlos, I