Abstract This paper discusses how Elizabeth I, who was seen as "good Queen Bess," was a skilled ruler and often applied principles which were distinctly Machiavellian in their character. The paper describes examples from her reign that show her use of Machiavellian principles and their success and then looks at all aspects of Queen Elizabeth's reign from military and political to social.
From the Paper "All the while, Elizabeth managed to maintain a court that became the flower of the kingdom. At her court, poets and playwrights, most notably William Shakespeare, brought the language and wit of England to its greatest flowering. (Ridley 330-31) While Machiavelli did not specifically address the usefulness of such arts in The Prince, he was well aware of the power of quality drama. He had written one of the foremost Italian Renaissance comedies, La Mandragola, and while the play is harsher and more unforgiving that Shakespeare's comedies, Machiavelli's command of the form suggests that had he been in England during this period, he would have been quite at home in the court of Queen Elizabeth, recognizing in her dealing with political problems someone who followed his principles, whether knowingly or not, and who understood his taste for fine language."
Tags: court, mercenary, royal, military, political
Abstract This paper examines Elizabeth Dickinson's poem"Because I Could Not Stop for Death" and John Donne's poem "Death Be Not Proud," evaluating the technical style of each poem in terms of rhyme scheme, meter, syllables per line, etc., and comparing and contrasting them with regard to theme, appeal and interpretation.
From the Paper " Emily Dickinson's Because I could not stop for death and John Donne's Death be not proud are both poems that reflect upon the poets' personal concept of death. Both poets speak of death as if it were a person Dickinson speaking of it in the third.."
Tags: John Donne, Elizabeth Dickinson, Because I could not stop for death, Death be not proud, poetry
Abstract This paper explores the significance of the fourth figure in respect to its application within logic and logic theory, where the fourth figure is typically ignored because of its inherent confusion due to a general lack of clarity in formulation. A discussion of Aristotle's intentional exclusion of this fourth figure in the study of logic is examined in addition to the general discussion, where this paper shall argue that Aristotle disliked the use of the fourth figure because it was less clear than the other three major forms.
Abstract This paper discusses Nio figures, particularly those of Todaiji Temple, which acutely represent the changes and needs of Japanese society at the time. The paper also examines and describes Kamakura realism and discusses the different figures belonging to that genre of artwork. In addition, the paper discusses the influence of this artwork on other cultures in the world. The effort to restore artwork from this period after the Genpei Civil War is also discussed.
From the Paper "After the Genpei Civil War (1180 - 1185 C.E.) in Japan a great effort was made to restore some of the cultural monuments that had been destroyed. The Todaiji as well as the Kofukuji Temples had been burned in 1180 C.E. because of their sympathies with the rebelling Minamoto family . The rebuilding of Todaiji Temple in Nara was headed by Fujiwara Yukitaka, who was director of the restoration, and Priest Chogen, who collected contributions and also traveled to China to study the Song style of architecture . This rebuilding was burned down again around 1700 C.E. but the Nandaimon and the Kongo Rikishi figures inside survived."
Abstract This paper explains that Iago is the villain in "Othello"; he is presented as the epitome of deceit and malice. It shows that Iago is a true Machiavellianfigure, who does everything that Machiavelli thought a ruler should do to overcome his enemies and achieve his goals.
From the Paper "However this has been done while keeping the character wrapped in thick clouds of honesty and truthfulness. This is a strange paradox as the on the surface we are repeatedly told that Iago is an honest man and he also considers himself to be so, while beneath all this fake honesty, he is always trying to stab someone in the back.
Because of his crafty nature, this character can also be considered a true Machiavellian figure. Close reading of Machiavelli's work reveals certain link between Iago and Machiavellian prince. Yet despite all his slyness, the character repeatedly claims to be an honest person (Cassal, 2003). This fa?ade of honesty allows him to perform his essential tasks of manipulation and revenge."
Abstract During the nineteenth century, especially toward its conclusion, women were beginning to break out from their usual molds, and perceptive authors used that fact to create some outstanding dramas and novels. Thomas Hardy was one, having written "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" and Elizabeth Gaskell wrote "Ruth". There are many ways to look at these two novels; however, one interesting link makes them worth investigating. The paper shows that this link is the presence and the absence of a mother figure that might have changed the denouement of both women - a happy, peaceful conclusion for Ruth in her passing, and a tragic one for Tess, hounded by men seeking revenge for her stabbing of her seducer.
From the Paper "Hardy, a male in the Victorian age where sex was all done behind closed doors and shuttered windows, as if it never existed at all, took umbrage at the mores of men and women whose lives would be shattered by revelations of premarital sex. Ruth had no mother to comfort her during her distress, having been forcibly removed from Mr. Bellingham. There was no mother to run to when it was time for the baby to be born. And yet, near the end of "Tess", when she might have needed her mother more than a bland Alec, her mother was distant, and not at all communicative with those who wanted information about Tess' whereabouts."
Abstract This essay looks at the article "The Relationship between Machiavellian-ism and Absence Rate: An Empirical Study", published in the International Journal of Management. The writer notes that this article discusses the relationship between absenteeism rates and the Machiavellian personality orientation, both from a past literature perspective, and in use of study descriptions and results. The writer points out that the author, Abdul Aziz, sought to determine if the Machiavellian personality was positively related to the rate of absenteeism in a general workplace, as well as determine if, instead, this rate of absenteeism was positively related to gender or workplace status. This discussion focuses on Aziz's research project in terms of validity threats, including those of internal, external, and measurement validity threats, control issues, knowledge gained and questions remaining from the study, and the overall effectiveness of the study. Additionally, this discussion pinpoints possible improvements to the research.
From the Paper "In this research study, the main goal was to determine if the Machiavellian personality type was positively correlated to absenteeism. Shavelson (2000) notes that, for historical validity, one should ask if anything could have happened during the course of the study that may have affected the dependent variable which, in this case, is the absenteeism rate of the subjects. Since the absenteeism rates were historical in nature, this threat is not applicable. In terms of maturation threats, Shavelson (2000) notes to question whether or not the study is controlled over a period of time, allowing the development of the outcome. Again, since this study was based on a single survey design, this threat is not applicable."
Abstract In William Shakespeare's time, society adhered to the sacred view that it was God's Divine Will which selected the ruling monarch of the British nation. The playwright of "Richard II" and "Henry IV Part I", however, illustrates in these two history plays, a rather modernized concept of leadership that supports the Machiavellian view of power politics. The paper explains that Machiavelli's central argument in "The Prince" is that great politics are created and maintained by cunning men of high enterprise, who possess both virtue and prowess. The paper shows that despite their illegitimate claim and unconventional incarceration of the crown, the lead characters in Shakespeare's two plays, Henry Bolingbroke and his son Harry, showcase qualities that make them effective Machiavellian rulers who prove their worth as kings through their astute thoughts and actions.
From the Paper "Like a superior Machiavellian leader, Harry clearly shows the intelligence and aptitude for the psychological machinations required of capable kings. By his cleverly devised plan of action, Harry is able to manipulate and deceive people into believing whatever his portrayals or intentions are required from them. He does not show his full potential and aspirations to be a great leader right away, as Harry is fully aware, there are certain rules involved in getting and keeping power. A regal king is often imprisoned within the masks he must wear successfully to retain his power and be able to change his character donning different ones to keep up with his fickle fortune. Harry illustrates that if circumstance calls for heroic and daring behaviour, such as when he battles Hotspur to protect his father's throne, he becomes the lion."
Abstract This essay reviews Elizabeth Bishops poem "The Weed" and explores how it demonstrates her longing for parental figures in childhood, their absence, and the effect it has on her and will have on her children.
Tags: Freud, literature, poetry, signifier, symbolism, women
Abstract In this essay, the character of Claudius from Hamlet is shown as a quintessential Machiavellian character. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote the book entitled The Prince, and is known by some for making the guidelines on how to become the best prince through lies, corruption, evil, and murder. This essay examines how Claudius, the King of Denmark fulfills these guidelines. Claudius' Machavellian character is shown through the way he deceives others about his virtue, his development of schemes, and his belief that rules can easily be broken.
From the Paper " A Machiavellian character is not hard to come by, and ample exist around us today. A person of this characteristic will break rules, pretend to be virtuous, plan schemes, and do anything they must, in order to receive what they strive for. In Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, a perfect example of such a character is displayed in Claudius, the New King of Denmark. Claudius performs many deceptive, and horrifying acts, which make him the quintessential Machiavellian character. Developing schemes, pretending to be virtuous, and proving his belief, through his actions, that rules may be broken, are the deeds he executes, which prove his true character."
Abstract The following paper explores two central questions. The first is how Machiavellian argues and supports, in both "The Prince" and "The Discourses," the idea that the welfare of the people is the highest law by analyzing Machiavelli's doctrines and the second is what evidence there is in both works that Machiavelli's ideas were a product of Renaissance humanism.
From the Paper ?One of the most believed scholars in history, Machiavellian, wrote "The Prince" as a part of a larger work which was later known as "The Discourses" According to this work "Discourses", Machiavellian made a great statement of this belief of the political state of the French Empire. His understanding was bolder then that mentioned in The Prince where his argument was more tentative and a bid for a position in Lorenzo's court. Although this view is much merit, it was nevertheless a point of view that was similar in both the works. Both book was intended to inform the ignorant state of self interest aspect of life, and the conviction that man acts through self-interest only when he feels like it.?
Abstract This paper explains how Stanton helped organize the Women's Loyal National League, founded and presided over the National Women's Suffrage Association and spent the greater part of her adult life as one of the primary intellectual and public figures in the fight for women's rights. Despite these achievements, this paper discusses how Stanton was not very well-known.
From the Paper "In the mid-1800s, the most cherished view of women was that they represented Home and Mother. These were sacred duties, almost on par with religious, eternal truths to which society generally adhered. Biologically, as well, women were considered inferior to men - both in terms of physical strength and intellectual capacity. Women's roles were to nurture men of genius, which was an act of unsurpassed importance if men of genius were to evolve and society were to advance in any way. To challenge this status quo meant not only discomfiting pre-conceived religious and social norms, it meant challenging the very core of "civilized" society."
Abstract In this essay, the paper follows the record of Queen Elizabeth I's reign, gradually arriving at an understanding of why Elizabeth and England under her rule were awarded recognition as a singularly important historical era. The paper first provides some preliminary background information on the person of Elizabeth herself. It then discusses Elizabeth's ascendance to the throne by examining the Tudor succession-particularly in its religious aspects-beginning with the life of Henry VIII. The essay proceeds by following this religious thread into Elizabeth's reign by treating the Northern Rebellion. Fourth, it discusses the Poor Law of 1601 in relation to Elizabethan England and the English Renaissance.
Introduction
Elizabeth: Early Life
The Tudor Dynasty and the Elizabethan Religious Settlement
The Northern Rebellion
The Poor Law
Conclusion
From the Paper "King Henry VIII of England, known most famously for his many wives, managed only three children who survived past infancy. Elizabeth was the second of these children, born on 7 September, 1533 to Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn. In personality, Elizabeth is said to have been charismatic and flirtatious, traits that would serve her well in her eventual rule. In her early life, Elizabeth was strongly influenced by a few individuals. For example, Katherine Champernowne, was Elizabeth's second governess with whom she developed a close personal relationship that lasted into Elizabeth's reign. Additionally, Anne Boleyn entrusted Matthew Parker to Elizabeth's spiritual wellbeing before Boleyn's death, and Parker retained a special interest in Elizabeth for some years afterward."
Tags: tudor, renaissance, anne, boleyn, henry, poor, law, english
Abstract This paper reviews Carol Levin's biography of Queen Elizabeth I, which explores issues of gender and politics in addition to Elizabeth's life. The reviewer describes Levin's book as combining historiography with deft historical, psychological, and social analysis. The reviewer expresses appreciation for Levin's use of primary sources, which allow the reader to get a fuller understanding of Elizabeth I. The reviewer concludes by stating that Levin created a scholarly biography of Queen Elizabeth I, placing the Queen in a historical perspective. Levin also showed how Elizabeth crafted her public image in light of prevailing gender norms.
From the Paper "The scope of Levin's book is extraordinary given its length. For example, the author explores the general issue of image management and public relations through the model of Elizabeth I while at the same time offering readers a synopsis of the Queen's personal and political life. While Elizabeth assumed the "heart and stomach of a king," she simultaneously cultivated an image of ideal femininity. Her ability to blend masculine and feminine traits in her persona and public image were keys to her power and success. In Chapter 6, "Elizabeth as King and Queen," the author shows how the Queen "took on what might be perceived as the male role, certainly the position of power," in her sexual relationships and in her public life. Levin backs up her argument not only with primary source data and evidence but also with allusions to contemporaneous literature, Shakespeare in particular. Shakespeare, although not officially a historian, nevertheless offered poignant social, political, and historical commentary about sixteenth-century England and Europe. Levin refers to Shakespeare to illustrate the prevailing conceptions of gender, gender roles, and gender-bending in sixteenth-century England. Placing Elizabeth I into perspective and incorporating social and political context into the Queen's life emerges as one of the main strengths of Levin's work. The author achieves a strong contextualization of Elizabeth through an examination of contemporaneous gender roles and norms. Thus, Shakespeare becomes a valid window with which to view Elizabethan-era British society."
Tags: Queen, Elizabeth, I, British, History, monarchy, gender, politics
This paper discusses that Elizabeth I finished the tasks of her father by claiming and taming Ireland as another gem in the Crown and by protecting the motherland from any possible next-door intrusion by enemies.
Abstract This paper explains that the need to protect 25-year-old Elizabeth's homeland profoundly influenced her decisions to commit the Crown to the completion of the colonization of Ireland. The author points out the vitriol between Spain and England was further exacerbated by the Pope excommunicating Elizabeth in 1570. This paper states that Queen Elizabeth was an unsurpassed model of a learned, intelligent woman who proved that a queen could rule and rule triumphantly.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Thesis
The Financial Burden of Ireland on the Crown
Financial Details of Ireland and Elizabeth's Government
Religious Issues in the Elizabethan Period
Ireland's Allies and England's Enemies
Conclusion
From the Paper "One estimate of the amount of money England spent on the defense of Ireland ? between the years 1534 and 1572 ? was 1,300,000 pounds (Canny, 1976). ?And while this figure may be somewhat excessive,? Canny writes, "all in England were worried at the enormous and increasing expense"? and hence, England experimented with various policies. Some of the more practical ideas for Ireland's possible d nte with England came from the Pale ? the portion of Ireland (roughly Dublin and a 20-mile radius around Dublin) in which the landowners and townspeople were "old English" settlers, who had put down roots in the 12th Century, and for the most part remained pro-crown."
Tags: spain, colonization, costs, excommunicate, france
