Abstract
In this article, the writer studies the impact of ideology on Soviet science. The writer discusses that the effects were demonstrated in a variety of negative ways. The writer maintains that even though some benefits were produced in the field of space exploration, Soviet science was gained a negative view around the world.

From the Paper
"The effect of ideology on Soviet science was manifested in many negative ways, from the relentless government propagandizing of dialectic materialism as a science to the undermining of science itself by Soviet geneticists such as Trifim Lysenko. Despite providing some benefits in the form of advances in space medicine and the development of space exploration, Soviet science during the communist era was subverted to such an extent by the Communist Party that it became discredited in the eyes of most of the world."

Tags:ideology, science

Abstract
This paper discusses the effect of ideology on Soviet science during the communist era of leadership and the negative ways in which it was manifested. The paper looks at some of the benefits that were provided by Soviet science, but then argues that Soviet science during the communist era was subverted to such an extent by the Communist Party that it became discredited in the eyes of most of the world.

From the Paper
"In conclusion, the negative effect of Marxist-Leninist ideology on Soviet science was manifested in a variety of ways, from the systematic propagandizing of dialectic materialism as a science to the undermining of science itself in the form of theories such as Lysenkoism. Although Soviet science provided some benefits in the form of discoveries in the field of space medicine, the development of space exploration, and the use of nuclear power to generate electricity for Soviet towns and cities, science in the USSR during the communist era was subverted to such an extent by the government that it was reduced in most cases to pseudo-science and became an object of ridicule throughout most of the world."

Tags:propagandizing, dialectic, materialism, space, exploration, communism

Abstract
This essay explores what state the film industry was in before the Russuan Revolution. It looks at the ways in which the Bolsheviks planned on bringing Soviet Russia into the modern age and how this policy was conceived and brought about during and after the Revolution. It also explores the practical implications of these policies and how when Stalin came to power these policies changed. In this overview of the golden age of Soviet filmmaking, the writer focuses on specific policies and trends in filmmaking and production. The writer gives an understanding of the way the government controlled the means of production and distribution of film and how this affected the filmmakers in content and style. It provides an in depth look at the way the Soviet filmmakers had their films received domestically and what the peasantry actually thought and saw of the films that were made under these revolutionary policies. The writer refers to the Bolshevik policies as being utopian, or unrealistic. Despite their lofty ambitions or intentions they were unable to be fulfilled in practice.

From the Paper
"The first Russian feature film was Boris Godunov (Drankov, 1907) and in making it the filmmakers realised many of the potential problems of working with this new medium. In the early films the Russians had already initiated their own style, "film story" . This was in opposition to the American and European styles which glorified drama over psychology. This marked difference in approach to film set out clearly that the Russians were able to move away from mimicry of overseas material early on in their filmmaking history. Traditional cinematic movement was replaced with "the psychological pauses of the Moscow Art Theatre" . However, despite this experimentation, the film industry in Russia before the 1917 revolution was indeed very small. Distribution of these films facilitated only to main urban centres, with the focus of the industry being in Moscow . In these early times for the film industry the hands controlling the distribution of films in Russia were foreigners, namely the French. The French cornered the market around the world, and Russia was no exception and because of their size they were able to "undersell domestic businessmen" . The French even initiated local productions to ensure that the viewing public would remain interested by seeing their own people and country on screen. Business was strong and very profitable for those who had a stake in the industry. By 1913 the Russian Empire had 1043 movie theatres much of these were concentrated in urban centres. The appetite for this new medium was very strong and its appeal was wide. Efforts were also made to take the films out into the country to the small villages, but these were always difficult undertakings. However there was money to be made, and many cashed in on the opportunities that cinema afforded."

Tags:communism, filmmaking, films, pre, revolutionary, tzarist

Abstract
This paper aims to introduce, discuss and analyze the topic of intelligence in Russia. Specifically, it discusses the role of ideology in Soviet agent recruitment. The paper shows how the Soviets were intent on protecting their state from influences from without and within, and that they were concerned with dissidents inside their own country almost as much as they were about outside sources. It shows how the Soviets' recruitment policies helped bolster their own ideologies and purposes.

From the Paper
"In conclusion, the Soviet ideology of one state and suppression of ideas and forward thought led to many of the KGB's recruitment policies throughout the Cold War. The Soviets were intent on protecting their state from influences from without and within, and they were concerned with dissidents inside their own country almost as much as they were about outside sources. Thus, their recruitment policies helped bolster their own ideologies and purposes. They recruited the smartest, the brightest, and the most corrupt, often offering money, sex, and/or power in return for intelligence activities. The Soviets has few scruples when it came to recruiting, and sometimes, this ideology did not support their intelligence activities they way they had hoped they would."

Tags:KGB, corruption, spies

Abstract
This paper discusses the problematic issue of gender bias in science education, and presents a research proposal to determine its causes and ramifications. The paper states that the purpose of the research is to examine why gender bias exists in science education and how gender bias in education translates to fewer women in science related occupation and the effect of their absence on society. The writer notes that the research will also focus on solutions to this issue.

Outline:
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Purpose of the Research
Justification of the Study
Review of the Literature
Methodology
Instruments Used to Collect and Analyze the Data

From the Paper
"Gender Biases in Science education has long been a topic of debate. This issue is most evident in the absence of women that is often seen in science careers. The question of gender bias in science education has been asserted as the reason for gender disparities in science careers. Gender disparities in science are detrimental to women particularly in fields such as medicine and medical research. This detriment occurs because in many instances women are not present in these work environments to advocate for research pertaining to health issues that are most likely to effect women. As a result women are more likely to have fatal heart attacks and die from breast cancer because research has been slow to address these health issues. Perhaps if there were more women in the fields of science there would be more advocates that the rates of some of the aforementioned ailments would begin to decrease."

Tags:roles, attitude, disciplines, female, students

Abstract
The paper explains that in order to identify the causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union, it is necessary to examine the political and economic ideologies the Soviet Union represented and promoted, for the same political and economic factors that led to the collapse of communism had generated its rise. The paper relates that the origin, character and development of the Soviet Union had been primarily due to the fundamental ideological tenets of communism and its collapse was the historical product of these ideological tenets.

Tags:collapse, of, ussr

Abstract
This paper explains that Richard Lewontin in his book "Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA" presents a view of science that challenges the popular conception of science as a methodical quest for objective knowledge, which exists outside of the political and social structures of human society. The author points out that the book, which is based on Lewontin's lectures for the 1990 Massey Lectures, focuses on Lewontin's area of scientific specialty biology with a particular emphasis on genetics. The paper relates that the book's component chapters each address and subvert popular myths of science that, for many people, render its practices and practitioners beyond the realm of social and political thought.

From the Paper
"Richard Lewontin, in his book Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA, presents a view of science that challenges the popular conception of science as an methodical quest for objective knowledge that exists outside of the political and social structures of human society. This book, based on Lewontin's lectures for the 1990 Massey Lectures, focuses on Lewontin's area of scientific specialty: biology, with a particular emphasis on genetics. The book's component chapters each address, and subvert, popular myths of science that - for many people - render its practices and practitioners beyond the realm of social and political thought."

Tags:biology, ideology, science

Abstract
This paper examines the Sino-Soviet split and the international system during the Cold War era. It argues that the Sino-Soviet split did not have the dramatic effect on the international system that it might have had because the political and intelligence establishments in the United States believed that the Communist Bloc was unified in opposition to the West. To demonstrate this thesis, the paper will consider the evidence from primary sources such as speeches, policy statements by key Soviet, Chinese, and Western leaders, as well as supporting sources.

From the Paper
The Sino-Soviet Split and the International System This paper examines the Sino-Soviet split and the international system during the Cold War era. It argues that the Sino-Soviet split was not taken advantage of by the United States for more than a decade because the American political and intelligence establishments continued to believe that the Communist Bloc was unified in opposition to the West. To demonstrate this thesis, the paper will consider the evidence from primary sources such as

Tags:sino, soviet, split

Abstract
This essay examines and analyzes the Soviet approach to counterinsurgency during the Soviet-Afghan War. Four aspects of the Soviet counterinsurgency are considered. Firstly, the Soviet's initial approach to the insurgents. Secondly, the Soviet approach of seeking out and destroying the insurgents outside secured areas. Next, the Soviet's use of terrorism to reinstate control. Finally, the fledgling level of discipline of Soviet troops and its effect in the counterinsurgency. Through this research, this paper concludes that the Soviets had a ruthless approach to counterinsurgency with doctrine that had been applied to past conflicts and was not tailored to Afghanistan.

From the Paper
"Leading up to the Soviet-Afghan war, the USSR had learnt much from their experiences in internal irregular conflicts to consolidate communist revolutions in Eastern Europe and in Central Asia. They had learnt that fast conventional forces in overwhelming numbers taking key political and military points, or what could be called a type of 'shock and awe' campaign of the contemporary age, had been effective in the quelling of rebellions against Soviet rule in Eastern Europe. The Soviets had also learnt that the creation and strengthening of a mass-based political organisation was a part of the first step in effective counterinsurgency in Central Asia. Subsequently, a form of counterinsurgency doctrine had been developed from these conflicts."

Tags:insurgency, counterinsurgency, Afghanistan, soviet-afghan, war, Taliban

Abstract
This research paper discusses the collapse of the Soviet Union and its empire in 1989-91 and the future of Eastern Europe after Soviet domination. The paper concludes that the events of 1989 marked the end of the communist revolution. For more than forty years, the West had contained the Soviet Union behind the Iron Curtain, while the inherent faults of Soviet communism, embodied in the flawed policies of its leadership, brought about the inevitable collapse of the Soviet empire. The author discusses the fall of communism which presented humanity with a historic chance to progress a few feet forward. The author argues that only when democracy and capitalism reach the roots of society, however, can these ideas blossom into true positive change in the post-communist world.

From the paper:

"What happened in 1989 was not a revolution itself, but actually the final nail in the coffin of a revolution. The fall of the Soviet Union represented the end of a forty-year challenge to democracy and market capitalism, both of which had already been established as the status quo (at least of Europe, the main battlefield" of the Cold War). The revolution of western democracy and capitalism began in 1642 in England where the first popular rebellion against a monarchy brought about the execution of King Charles I. Less than a decade later, Thomas Hobbes, at least partially inspired by the upheaval in England, published his famous work Leviathan. Although he advocated submission to the absolute supremacy of the state, Hobbes was not concerned whether that state was ruled by a king or a parliament, and this non-commitment to monarchy laid the intellectual foundations for the development of democratic political theory. John Locke soon bridged the gap between Hobbes' realism and what would become liberalism with the ideas of majority rule, natural rights, property rights, and the responsibility of the state to uphold these ideals. Montesquieu added the issues of separated and balanced governmental powers, and Rousseau defended self-determination and civil liberty. Adam Smith introduced the world to comparative advantage and put forth the belief that the ability of every citizen to make his own economic choices created the most prosperous economy. The ideas of these philosophers, along with Madison, Jefferson, Ricardo, and "the rest," inspired more revolutions in America in 1776, France in 1789, across Europe in 1848, and again in American in 1860."

Tags:1989, berlin, cold, curtain, east, eastern, europe, iron, soviet, union, wall, war