Abstract
This paper queries the sustainability of the educational methods of Cuba, South Africa and Sudan in terms of creating egalitarian and socially equal societies that empower the masses. Furthermore,the paper continues with Anders Breidlid's ideas about Cuba saying that "The social capital injected into communities over generations has paved the way for the possession of cultural capital, not only for a small elite, but for the majority of the population." The paper further discusses this in conjunction with Carnoy's concept of "state-generated social capital" in Cuba and compares them to South Africa's ideological educational system as seen by the declarations of its curriculum and Sudan's education system being Islamic. Pertinent questions are raised and discussed by the paper. The paper further asks whether the Cuban model is replicable without an authoritarian, coercive environment to ensure its success.

Outline:
Introduction
A Mechanistic Vs. an Ecological Approach to Sustainable Education
Cuba's Educational Discourse and Equality
The Educational Discourse of South Africa's C2005
State-generated Social Capital in Levelling the Field
Language in Education in South Africa
Sudan's Islamic Educational Discourse
Education Towards a Theocracy?
Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses in Sudan
The Discourse of Inclusion/Exclusion, Gender and Sustainability
Critiquing Cuba's Paternalistic Educational Discourse
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Civil society is now questioning the revolution's legitimacy in providing access to knowledge. For instance, the Biblioteca Independiente Felix Varela was established by Mexidor and her husband Ramon Castillo with the aim of providing other sources of information and knowledge other than that promoted by the government through voluntary donations. Within a year, 13 such independent libraries operated in the island. However, they were soon subjected to government harassment and persecution to the extent that the couple had to seek asylum abroad in 2001 (Cruz-Taura 2003: Online). With reference to Sterling's (2001) table above, Cuba's educational ethos is clearly a mechanistic one of manipulation, control and dependence with a centralized power-base hierarchy that aims at standardization and homogeneity. "

Tags:Sharia-oriented, state-generated, social, capital, educational, discourses

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the challenges Syria faces in its current educational system. A history of education in Syria is presented especially as it relates to the developing economy and population demographics of the nation. The author notes the power of the ruling Baath party and its influence on the educational system. The paper also considers the consequences of the Baath one day losing power and the potential for an Islamist educational system to take root. The paper concludes that the overall quality of education in Syria appears to be quite low, due to the government's refusal to base their educational system on secularism and the slow progression of the economy, which in the long run must improve so that Syrian students can compete in today's global economic environment.

From the Paper
"Beginning in the late 1960's, primary and secondary schools and all institutions of higher learning at the university level came under the control of the Syrian government with the Ministry of Education being "responsible for all aspects of administration" and curricula development ("Syrian Education," Internet). In 1967, Syria signed the Arab Cultural Unity Agreement with its Arab neighbors which introduced new curricula examinations, teaching methods and teacher training requirements for every educational level. Unfortunately, this new system proved to be quite ineffective, due to being based solely on Islam and the decision of the minister of education to make "no attempt to inculcate notions of tolerance or respect for religious traditions other than Sunni Islam" and certain tenets of Christianity (Landis, "Islamic Education in Syria," Internet)."

Tags:Middle East, Secularism, Educational Reform, Islamic education, Sunni Muslims

Abstract
This paper addresses major innovations in educational reform since 1983 within the United States. This paper focuses on increased accountability in education as a negative aspect of educational reform.

Tags:EDUCATION / CURRICULUM THEORY AND ISSUES, educational reform accountability

Abstract
The totals when it comes to educational finance in New York State are quite interesting. The State of New York provides US$23.1 billion to the New York State Education Department. Special Revenue represents a further US$139.1 million and Federal aid apparently accounts for US$3.4 billion more in revenue. Finally, capital aid to the NYSED constitutes US$97.0 million (New York State Education Department, 2009a).

From the Paper
Educational Finance in New York State The totals when it comes to educational finance in New York State are quite interesting. The State of New York provides US$23.1 billion to the New York State Education Department. Special Revenue represents a further US$139.1 million and Federal aid apparently accounts for US$3.4 billion more in revenue. Finally, capital aid to the NYSED constitutes US$97.0 million (New York State Education Department, 2009a). In terms of the allocation of funds, the available data indicates that school aid takes up US$21.4 billion whilst "capital" takes up US$ 97 million. "Aid to localities" apparently takes up another US$4.8 billion

Tags:educational, finance, york

Abstract
The paper asserts that many non-profit educational institutions have a proud history of contributing to the basic knowledge of millions of Americans - but they also have (in many instances) shoe-string budgets and cannot survive without strategic planning that maximizes efficiency and diversifies revenue streams from philanthropic sources and from government sources. The paper argues that finding out ways of helping these organizations help themselves should be the concern of anyone who wants non-profit (and non-government-controlled) education to remain viable in the future.

From the Paper
"Many non-profit educational institutions have a proud history of contributing to the basic knowledge of millions of Americans - but they also have (in many instances) shoe-string budgets and cannot survive without strategic planning that maximizes efficiency and diversifies revenue streams from philanthropic sources and from government sources. Finding out ways of helping these organizations help themselves should be the concern of anyone who wants non-profit (and non-government-controlled)..."

Tags:strategic, planning, educational

Abstract
This paper describes the educational philosophy of a new teacher. It also discuses inclusionary education and cooperative learning, as well as the theories of Linda Darling-Hammond, R.E. Slavin and Howard Gardner.

From the Paper
"As a prospective elementary school teacher in the near future, I have begun the process of developing a philosophy of education that I will employ in my professional practice. The fundamental assumption on which my philosophy is based is that all students have the right to learn and the corresponding right to be given as many and diverse a set of opportunities to learn as may be needed. Linda Darling-Hammond convincingly argued that when all is said and done, the purpose of education is to inculcate ..."

Tags:educational philosophy, teacher, classroom, multiple intelligences

Abstract
This paper examines how a bias in regards to cognitive psychology as it is applied in the educational forum has evolved and continues to influence the way learning is presented in the classroom. In particular, the study focuses on a study by Charles Bailey that contends that society is being dumbed down, which inhibits and discourages learning and critical thinking. The paper further defines cognitive bias according to Bailey's model, which the paper views as a sound approach to educational problems. The works of other educational psychologists are listed and analyzed in the paper as well. Despite the negative aspects of cognitive bias in the classroom, the paper also cites its benefits, such as it can potentially assist children in their social skills and behavior problems, provide a more entrepreneurial community, and prevent errors in judgments based on empirical evidence. The paper concludes by stating that that there will always be a cognitive bias in educational settings, but if it is addressed then the inherent problems will be minimized.

From the Paper
"Bailey's study seems to link the dumbing down of society with the cognitive evolution that allows us to recognize the fact that we are subject to such a process in the first place. If this is true, then the educational system implementing cognitive psychological aspects are, in fact, only hurrying the process. Bailey espouses a solution to the problem by providing 'cognitive accuracy'. According to Bailey, cognitive accuracy provides a yardstick for "accurate and rational thought and behavior" (Bailey, pg. 280). This paper asserts that perhaps the very act of attempting to accurately access a cognitive accuracy provides additional motivation (especially in the classroom) to dismiss attempts to learning unless it is defined by cognitive psychology."

Tags:educational psychology, teachers, classroom, students, instruction

Abstract
The paper relates that in a previous paper, a hypothetical educational institution - a high school - located in the Midwestern United States in a comparatively small urban center was examined with an eye towards establishing how integrated marketing could be made to work in the best interests of the school. In this paper, the same educational institution, wracked with the same problems of high absenteeism and poor academic performance - and wracked as well by parental apathy and by diminished morale amongst the faculty - are explored; this time, however, the focus shifts to looking at how a culture of innovation can be nurtured in such a school and at how knowledge flow can be facilitated.

From the Paper
"In a previous paper, a hypothetical educational institution - a high school - located in the Midwestern United States in a comparatively small urban center was examined with an eye towards establishing how integrated marketing could be made to work in the best interests of the school. In this paper, the same educational institution, wracked with the same problems of high absenteeism and poor academic performance - and wracked as well by parental apathy and by diminished morale amongst the faculty - will be explored; this time, however, the focus will shift to looking at..."

Tags:organization, innovation, educational

Abstract
It has become problematic to discuss differences between race groups, due to sensitivity to the possibility of being deemed racist. This is particularly true when it comes to the sensitive area of educational attainment. This paper argues that simply commenting on differences does not necessarily mean that one is racist, nor that one is implying that any differences are necessarily caused by biology. It is possible to comment on observed differences, just as one can empirically observe and comment on any phenomena. This paper argues that empirical observations show us that there are clearly differences in educational attainment among racial groups.

Tags:race, educational, attainment

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the topic of trait theories of leadership as they relate to educational administration. The writer discusses theories of leadership such as behavioral or role theory, participative leadership, situational leadership, contingency theories, transactional theory and transformational theory and applies trait theory to education. The writer cites examples of the Great Man Theory.

From the Paper
"This research paper presents the topic of trait theories of leadership as they relate to educational administration. A comprehensive review of the literature regarding this topic is presented and includes the following issues theories of leadership behavioral or role theory participative leadership situational leadership contingency theories transactional theory, transformational theory, trait theory, educational leadership and application of trait theory to education. Theories of Leadership and Descriptions Theories of leadership include early theories such as the Great Man Theory. This theory was ..."

Tags:educational, leadership, trait theory, behavioral, leaders