Abstract
This paper begins with a fictitious case study involving a female who presents to the emergency room with an ectopic pregnancy. It goes on to describe normal and abnormal physiology, to the cellular level, in general and then describes the physiology that is involved in ectopic pregnancy. The paper then discusses ways to treat the condition.

From the Paper
"A 27-year-old sexually active female smoker comes into the emergency room presenting abdominal/pelvic pain in the lower left side. The female is experiencing light vaginal bleeding but is convinced that her symptomatic pain is inconsistent with cramping she experiences during her menstrual periods. When asked when her last period occurred, the woman says that she isn't sure but as nearly as she can recount it must have been at least six weeks ago. She says that the length of time between periods is not unusual as she if frequently irregular in her cycle. When asked if she could be pregnant she says that it is possible but that she thought she couldn't become pregnant due to scar tissue development in her Fallopian tubes and uterus. The patient reveals that she was diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease, initiated by Chlamydia three years prior to her arrival in the emergency room."

Tags:fertilization, oocyte, fallopian

Abstract
This paper examines the prevalence and risks of ectopic pregnancies. It discusses the detection and diagnosis of ectopic pregnancies and the medical treatment that may be required once an ectopic pregnancy is discovered. The paper then looks briefly at the instances of non-tubal pregnancies and provides two documented examples of viable non-tubal pregnancies.

Table of Contents:
Prevalence and Risk Factors
Detection and Diagnosis
Treatment
Non-Tubal Pregnancies

From the Paper
"Rarely will the fetus of an ectopic pregnancy ever become viable, but a few instances have documented an ectopic pregnancy outside of the fallopian tube going to term and a viable fetus being born (Medical Treatment, 2008). In these situations, the placenta has to be positioned in an area where enough blood supply can support the developing fetus. Usually this is bowel or mesentery tissue, but even renal, liver, and aortic tissue has been documented. However, most all ectopic pregnancies are identified by 16 to 20 weeks gestation, and medical intervention is usually imperative due to the high risks and complications involved with an ectopic pregnancy (Lozeau, 2005). The following are a few examples of ectopic pregnancies producing viable offspring that have been documented in the last year. In April 2008, a British woman had an ectopic pregnancy attached to the large intestine and doctors were able to deliver the baby using laparotomy at 28 weeks gestation. In May 2008, an ectopic pregnancy of the ovary went to full term and doctors delivered a healthy baby using Caesarean section (Medical Treatment, 2008)."

Tags:fallopian tube, gestation non-tubal fetus

Abstract
This paper identifies a research issue, opportunity or problem that uses a data set consisting of at least 10-20 absolute zero measurements. In particular, the paper details primary and secondary data obtained from the Internet and other resources that expound upon the issue of declining teen pregnancy rates in the US. The paper further describes the methods used to collect the data along with calculations for the measures of central tendency and dispersion. The paper then displays the descriptive statistical data using graphic and tabular techniques along with an explanation of the data. The paper concludes with an action plan for the teenage pregnancy issues based on the data.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Hypothesis
Methodology
Data Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The pregnancy rate of teenagers in the United States continues to be an issue of high social concern. "While teenage birthrates have declined significantly in the past decade, they remain high and still impose a social and individual cost" (King, 2005). Knowing the rates have declined, a relevant question is; what factors facilitated the decline and can the factors be used to continue the decline? Two reasons accredited for the decrease in trend include the increased accessibility and use of family planning services and the exposure given to the dangers of unprotected sex by the mainstream media. Additionally, this report will provide details on the collection of primary data associated with the hypotheses."

Tags:data, teenage, pregnancy, family, planning, counseling, sex, health

Abstract
In this essay, the writer reviews a 2006 article on the role of HLA-G in human pregnancy. The writer discusses pregnancy loss due to miscarriages or spontaneous abortion. Further, the writer looks at incompatibility between the DNA and RNA of the fetus and the mother.

From the Paper
'Hunt, Langat, McIntire and Morales working via grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) reported on a series of studies conducted by researchers at the U Center for Reproductive Sciences that focused on pregnancy in mammals featuring hemochorial placentation which introduces a major conflict with a mother's immune system. Drawing upon both the literature and results of their own studies the authors identify strategies for preventing mothers from rejecting their genetically different fetuses such as the production of novel ..."

Tags:pregnancy, immunology, HLA-G, gene, immune system, miscarriage, fetus, DNA, RNA

Abstract
This paper attempts to understand why the teenage pregnancy rates in the United States are among the highest in the developed world. The paper suggests that sexuality education -- or lack thereof -- in the U.S. may be to blame. The paper shows how health care costs relating to teen pregnancy are exorbitantly high, which the paper says taxes all of society's social and economic resources. To reduce these costs, the paper recommends basic ideological shifts in the approach to sexuality education, and calls for greater access to contraceptives for teenagers.

From the Paper
"Teenage pregnancy rates in the United States are among the highest in the developed world. As the nations of Western Europe prove, educational fallacies in the US concerning sexuality education..."

Tags:teenage pregnancy, teenage birth rate, contraception, teenage sexual activity, family planning, planned parenthood

Abstract
This paper describes a business plan to establish a teen pregnancy clinic. According to the paper, the Bay Shore Health Department's goal is to assure the well-being of the community by providing different clinics that will ensure prevention, promotion, and treatment of diseases to preserve the health of the residents of the community. The business plan proposes an addition of a Teen Pregnancy Clinic (TPC), which will have the responsibility to provide complete obstetrical care services to teenaged pregnant clients.

From the Paper
"The mission of the Bay Shore Health Department is to assure the well-being of the community by providing different clinics that will ensure prevention, promotion, and treatment of diseases to preserve the health of the residents of the community. The business plan proposes an addition of a Teen Pregnancy Clinic (TPC), which will have the responsibility to provide complete obstetrical care services to teenaged pregnant clients. The TPC will be comprised of a staff of professionals that will provide pregnant teenagers with medical birth preparedness, counseling, and..."

Tags:teen, pregnancy, clinic

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed discussion about the importance of proper nutrition during pregnancy. The writer includes an interview with a nutritionist as well as discussion about exercise and other health aspects of pregnancy. It lists foods that are recommended and what quantities of each type of food which should be eaten.

From the Paper
"The medical community has been aware for many years that nutrition is important during pregnancy as well as supplements and exercise. The proper nutrition and supplements help the baby develop as well as keep the mother healthy during the pregnancy. Often time's expectant mothers are confused about their nutritional needs and they are unsure about exercise as well. It is important for the expectant mother to maintain a nutritionally healthy diet throughout the pregnancy as well as take the supplements prescribed to her. "

Tags:pregnancy, food, exercise, health, women

Abstract
This paper discusses the Catholic Church's view of abortion and the implication of this in the modern world. The paper presents the case of an ectopic pregnancy, which if left to continue, threatens the life of the mother. The paper discusses what actions Christian hospitals can take in such a case and the dilemmas that they face. The paper makes brief mention of when a fetus becomes en-souled.

From the Paper
" With so many definitions regarding when life begins, the point of ensoulment during pregnancy becomes even more complicated and difficult to discern; Catholic hospitals have had to confront these moral dilemmas as they have begun to conflict with medical advancements. For example, the event of an ectopic pregnancy creates a moral question regarding whether the fetus, who cannot survive anywhere near the point of viability, should be aborted to protect the life of the mother. Ectopic pregnancies are most commonly caused when a fetus embeds in the Fallopian tube, an impossible location for a pregnancy to be carried anywhere near term. The most common treatment for an ectopic pregnancy is a drug-induced abortion with the drug methotrexate, a medically established procedure that terminates the pregnancy while preserving the life of the mother, which is almost always threatened by a tubal pregnancy (Hausknecht 1995). Although Catholic hospitals do not perform abortions, they commonly do administer methotrexate as a remedy for ectopic pregnancies."

Tags:ethics, tubal, ectopic, liberal

Abstract
The paper relates that Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been "identified at a higher rate in the tissue of women diagnosed with cervical cancer than among nonaffected controls (citing Salmeron et al., 2003; Balmes, Ritz, & Tager, 2005, p. 245). The paper relates that the disease can cause pathologies including, but not limited to, pain during intercourse, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, genital warts, and penile, anal, cervical, and vulvar carcinoma (Immerman & Mackey, 1997, p. 443; Lytwyn & Sellors, 1997, p. 113). The paper discusses how although papanicolaou (Pap) tests have led to the decrease in mortality rates caused by cervical cancer, approximately 230,000 women per year die from the disease worldwide.

From the Paper
'Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been "identified at a higher rate in the tissue of women diagnosed with cervical cancer than among nonaffected controls" (citing Salmeron et al, 2003; Balmes, Ritz, & Tager, 2005, p...)"

Tags:hpv, etiology, study

Abstract
This paper discusses pelvic inflammatory disease, a highly transmittable and serious condition, which requires timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The paper contends that delayed diagnosis and treatment will result in poor prognosis and serious complications, such as infertility and chronic pelvic pain. The paper presents suggestions to prevent this disease. While research is still underway in developing good diagnostic and effective treatment methods, the paper recommends a common sense approach to contain the spread of the disease would be to maintain sexual hygiene and follow precautionary measures.

From the Paper
"Antibiotics constitute the mainstay treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease. Treatment for PID presents two main problems. First, obtaining the specimens from the upper genital tracts is difficult. Second, the infection may be attributed to multiple pathogenic agents all of which may not respond to a prescribed medication. Physicians in general prescribe a combination of antibiotics to fight the infection. Cefoxitin, Clindamycin, Ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin are some of the commonly prescribed antibiotics in the treatment of PID. The safety of the drug for use during pregnancy must be ascertained before beginning the course. Also it is necessary as a preemptive measure to treat sexual partners in order to completely eliminate the possibility of reinfection. In acute cases where there is severe damage to the peritoneal tissues or bursting of abscess, surgical interventions are necessary. Intrauterine devises need to removed be in order not to increase risk of reinfection."

Tags:ectopic, pregnancy, sexually, transmittable