Abstract
This paper is an examination of Electroshock Therapy in the treatment of mental health problems. It focuses on the negative societal views that are held about Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and gives a history of its use. The writer argues that there is much ignorance surrounding ECT and that the misuse of the treatment have led to misunderstandings about its effectiveness. In conclusion the paper presents ECT as an effective treatment for severe mental illness. It maintains that despite being viewed negatively by the public it is a valuable treatment particularly in cases where speed of treatment is necessary.

From the Paper
"In the field of mental health, an area of medicine already associated with very negative societal views, there are few treatment methods more negatively perceived than electroshock, or more commonly, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). A recent study by two British doctors, published in the Journal of ECT, provided concrete representation of these negative attitudes. After viewing twenty-two films that included scenes of ECT made between 1948 and 2000, the authors concluded the treatment was first shown as a "severe but helpful" remedy for mental illness (McDonald and Walter)."

Tags:mental, health, history, effectiveness, public, speed, valuable, doctors, attitudes

From the Paper
"This paper is a discussion of the question: Should electroconvulsive therapy be used to alleviate symptoms of mental illness? Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was originally called electroshock therapy when it was first introduced as a treatment for severe cases of psychopathology in the 1930s. The process consists of administering varying jolts of electricity to the patient, jolts which interfere with the body's natural electrical transmissions and disrupt the patient's behavior. Early use of such therapy was extremely primitive, and electroshock fell out of favor with both the medical community and the general public. More recent research into the functioning of the brain has renewed interest in ECT as a means of treating some forms of mental illness, especially depression. This paper will argue that, despite some glowing reports sparked by this renewed..."

Abstract
This paper studies ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy), the history of when and how it was used. The paper also discusses the role of ethics in deciding whether to use ECT, including teleological, deontological and virtue-based theories. The paper elaborates on particular ethical principles, such as non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy and justice.

Tags:ECT

Abstract
This paper traces the different uses of electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) in psychiatry since its discovery and first use in the 1930s. The author details the many myths and miscocnceptions of ECT and details how this treatment has been a leading method used in the treatment of many different types of mental illness including depression, schizophrenia and eating disorders. The problems associated with the use of ECT at different points in history are discussed and the methods used to combat these problems in order to make it more affective are also detailed in this paper. ECT has also been the subject of many different movies that has made it into a method of treatment that is frightening to many people. The author also discusses some alternate methods of treating some types of mental illness.

From the Paper
"Despite patient reports and documented research studies some professionals continue to object to the use of ECT as a treatment for mental disorder. They feel that the negative side effects are often more detrimental to the patient's health than the mental disorder itself. One psychologist, John Breeding, PhD, has also raised ethical issues relating to "informed consent". He argues that professionals in the psychology field have deliberately deceived patients by not providing enough information for the patients to make an informed choice about ECT "guidelines for the administration of ECT are routinely and systematically violated." (Breeding 2000). He also puts forth the claim that informed consent in ECT can't be fully obtained by someone in the grip of a serious mental disorder: ??people become victims of this so-called "treatment" at a time in life when they are extremely vulnerable.? (Breeding 2000)."

Tags:depression, psychology, psychopathology, suicide, ect, schizophrenia, medication, theraphy, bipolar, psychotic, memory, brain, studies, research, movies, tms

Abstract
This paper presents a critique of a paper describing the use of electroconvulsive therapy for adolescents with severe mood disorders. It makes the case for using the therapy and presents some parameters which should be followed to guide its use.

From the Paper
"This paper looks at the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescents with severe mood disorders. The paper begins with a short introduction followed by an executive summary, which is repeated again later in the paper in an expanded form after the literature review in a version which is about half as long again as the executive summary. The executive summary does not seem to be much of a summary being as long as it is and seems superfluous since it is hardly any shorter than the full body..."

Tags:electroconvulsive, therapy, (ECT)

Abstract
This paper discusses cognitive behavioral therapy and the elements of its practice. It also explores the therapist and patient roles of cognitive behavioral therapy, and how it relates to other therapies currently used in psychology. Adlerian therapy, person centered therapy, existential therapy, Gestalt therapy, reality therapy, solution oriented brief therapy, multi-modal therapy, feminist therapy, and rational emotion behavior therapy are discussed and contrasted to traditional cognitive behavioral therapy. Through these comparisons a focus on the central characteristics of these therapies is evident, providing a framework for patients and professionals to determine which therapy would be most effective for the needs of particular patients.

Tags:cognitive, behavioral, therapy

Abstract
This paper describes reality therapy, which is a practical approach to helping people take responsibility for their lives. Reality therapy, or choice therapy, encourages individuals to recognize and examine their role in their own lives, which is considered a rewarding experience of this innovative counseling approach. The paper also shows how reality therapy keeps the patient rooted in the present. Various studies on the approach and effectiveness of reality therapy are cited, particularly on its uses in the prison system. The paper closes by stating that reality therapy is a positive approach that empowers the client, and stimulates their creative thinking in ways that have not been done before in their lives.

Outline:
Reality Therapy
Putting Theory into Practice
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Reality therapy was introduced by William Glasser, M.D., in 1965 (Clark, p. 11). It is a therapeutic approach based on choice theory, and it is a revelation of the processes that individuals make, and probably make without giving much thought as to the outcome of their choices as they go about their lives. The choices people make for their selves are often responses to their innate needs. Choice theory identifies these innate needs as survival, loving and the need to be loved, success, control, independence, and the pursuit of entertainment or that which brings the individual joy. Choice theory says that it is important to point out behaviors, rather than to make interpretations of behaviors."

Tags:prison system, counseling, mental health, cognitive therapy

Abstract
Gestalt therapy is a holistic form of therapy that emerged from Gestalt theory in the 1800s. It is a nontraditional approach to therapy that utilizes art and art work accomplished by the person to unmask feelings and emotions that are occurring at the moment and the reasons for those feelings and emotions. Used primarily in group sessions, Gestalt therapy is guided by awareness, which is significant for the person, the group members and the therapist. Yet, to fully understand the details associated with Gestalt therapy a history of the theory and an overview of the practice must be considered.

From the Paper
Gestalt Therapy and Theory Gestalt therapy is a holistic form of therapy that emerged from Gestalt theory in the 1800s. It is a nontraditional approach to therapy that utilizes art and art work accomplished by the person to unmask feelings and emotions that are occurring at the moment and the reasons for those feelings and emotions. Used primarily in group sessions, Gestalt therapy is guided by awareness, which is significant for the person, the group members and the therapist. Yet, to fully understand the details associated with Gestalt therapy a history of the theory and an overview of the practice must be considered.

Tags:gestalt, therapy, theory

Abstract
This paper discusses Carl Rogers' non-directive approach to therapy, in which the client has control of the direction of the therapy session. The paper examines the roots of humanistic therapy in Carl Rogers' approach and then examines humanistic therapy as it pertains to Rogers' approach. Next, the paper discusses the conditions necessary for positive therapeutic results in client-centered therapy, as propounded by Rogers.

From the Paper
"Rogers puts forward some conditions that are necessary for there to be positive therapeutic results in client-centered therapy. These include, the counselor should operate from the premise that the client has a responsibility for himself or herself and also has the willingness for maintaining that responsibility; the client desires to be mature and socially well adjusted and will rely on this to achieve therapeutic change. The counselor should also create a climate where the client feels free to express their feelings and attitudes regardless of their absurdity. Limits can only be set on behavior and not on attitudes, which is a child perhaps may feel like breaking a window but he should not be allowed to actually break the window. The counselor's acceptance of the client's attitudes should involve neither disapproval nor approval of the client's attitudes and feelings. This understanding is conveyed best by seeking clarification where necessary. Finally, the counselor should refrain from actions like probing, giving advice, providing reassurance, apportioning blame and giving suggestions (Ryan, 2008; Green, 2000)."

Tags:non-directive therapy, psychotherapy, carl rogers, humanistic psychology, counseling

Abstract
This paper details the benefits of solution focused brief therapy (SFBT), which was introduced as an alternative method of treatment, which could be accomplished in a shorter period of time, as opposed to the more traditional forms of long-term therapy and psychoanalysis. The writer contends and explains why SFBT is significantly more efficient in terms of time, scope and cost when compared to long-term therapy. This paper delves into the literature and research published on this particular form of therapy. This paper cites the various techniques involved in successfully implementing SFBT. This paper discusses the advantages of SFBT and success rates attained in both family and couples therapy, while also citing various experts in the field who oppose this particular form of treatment.

From the Paper
"Miracle questions are created to provide the therapist a 'preview' of how the patient views his/her future life. These questions engage patients by allowing them to contemplate about specific possibilities that may happen in their lives. Questions may be hypothetical situations that focus on the individual's action when confronted with mundane events followed after by thought-provoking inquiries by the therapist. This technique probes into the patient's capability to think about alternative solutions to specific life situations or problems, enabling the therapist to come up with a suggested resolution that is within the understanding of the patient. This also makes the patient feel that s/he had an active role in the solution-making process that took place during the therapy. Scaling is a more quantitative means by which problems are assessed by the therapist."

Tags:therapy, psychoanalysis, long, term, short, mental