Abstract
The paper analyzes both the development of the Hong Kong economy into an Asian Tiger in the 1950s and 1960s and the current opportunities provided by reform in China and Hong Kong's retrocession. It also emphasizes the balance between private initiative and investment and the role of the public sector and government finance.

Abstract
The economy of Hong Kong has, over the past few decades, made significant changes toward becoming a service-oriented one as opposed to being focused on manufacturing. This shift has resulted in greater integration with the mainland of China due to the large number of manufacturing jobs being exported to the mainland as a result of the cheaper labor available there as well as due to the Chinese demand for the services provided by Hong Kong. This paper explores Hong Kong's evolution from a primarily goods-based economy to one heavily tilted towards services, and the effects of these shifts as documented in other economies as well as the duplication of these changes in Hong Kong. It also explains the factors which encourage greater integration with mainland China as a result of this shift. This has resulted in a beneficial relationship for the two nations' economic situations.

From the Paper
"In 1997, control of the British colony of Hong Kong was officially transferred to the People's Republic of China, politically and otherwise officially integrating two entities which had, for years, been enmeshed with one another in many ways. In accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong, administrative and certain other controls shifted to mainland China, and many of the vestiges of colonial British rule were removed."

Tags:asia/pacific, integration, manufacturing-industry, development, investment, economic, globalization

Abstract
This paper examines the history of Hong Kong through the modern era and its place among the economic powerhouses of the world. Its focus is placed primarily on trade export and labor statistics, along with the new governmental reforms imposed after the nation's return to Chinese rule. It looks at how the the overall outlook for the economy of Hong Kong, China, looks good and how, of all the Asian economies, its is by far the most resilient.

From the Paper
"Hong Kong was established as a separate territorial unit in 1842, as part of settlement between Britain and China following the First Opium War (1841-42). The original reason for the occupation of Hong Kong was the need for a base for trade with China. Under the Treaty of Nanjing (1842), China ceded the Hong Kong Island to Britain "in perpetuity," opened up its ports to foreign trade, and conceded the right of extraterritoriality to British consuls. In 1860, following the Second Opium War (1858-60), China ceded the Kowloon peninsula to Britain. Finally, following the Japan-China war of 1894-95, Britain demanded the lease of the area north of Kowloon in order to secure control of the northern shore of the harbor and a wide area of land beyond for defense purposes. China leased this territory to Britain for 99 years under the Convention of Peking beginning July 1, 1898 (Dodsworth/Mihajek, 1997)."

Tags:britain, capital, capitalism, communism, exports, imports, opium, wars

Abstract
Hong Kong has been, for most of its history, something of an anomaly. For most of the territory's history it was a British colony, but it had almost no British colonialists in residence, with its population in the 1970s being 98% Chinese. Moreover, although it was a British territory for 140 years, its "significant history" dates from 1949 when the Communist Revolution in China utterly transformed its political, social and economic character. This anomalous aspect of Hong Kong will be highlighted in this essay, which will explore the economic transformation of Hong Kong in the modern period. The thesis will be argued that this anomalous aspect of Hong Kong played a critical role in its economic transformation in the critical post-war period as it allowed the Crown Colony/city-state to neatly straddle the primary ideological, territorial, cultural, political and economic demarcation lines in Asia. In this regard, it was not only able to draw upon diverse sources for its development, but its value to all major players in the region was such that everyone had an interest in Hong Kong's continuing success and development. In this regard, its anomalous character represents Hong Kong's critical strategic advantage in its modern economic transformation.

From the Paper
The Transformations of the Hong Kong Economy In the Post-War Era Introduction Hong Kong has been, for most of its history, something of an anomaly. For most of the territory's history it was a British colony, but it had almost no British colonialists in residence, with its population in the 1970s being 98% Chinese. Moreover, although it was a British territory for 140 years, its "significant history" dates from 1949 when the Communist Revolution in China utterly transformed its political, social and economic character. This anomalous aspect of Hong Kong will be highlighted in this

Tags:hong kong, economy, growth

Abstract
The following paper argues that Hong Kong has been significantly impacted by its hand-over to China from its previous master, Great Britain. In particular, there are three broad areas where the transition of power has wrought significant consequences, which include the economy, the realm of immigration and emigration and the realm of language education. Overall, the past decade has seen Hong Kong become more integrated with the Chinese mainland and has witnessed more net immigration from other parts of the world to Hong Kong.

From the Paper
"The following paper will argue that Hong Kong has been significantly impacted by its hand-over to China from its previous master, Great Britain. In particular, there are three broad areas where the transition of power has wrought significant consequences: the economy (specifically, the economic system); the realm of immigration and emigration; and the realm of language education. Overall, the past decade has seen Hong Kong become more integrated with the Chinese mainland and has witnessed more net immigration from other parts of the world (including from mainland China) to Hong Kong - most conspicuously in the form of expatriates..."

Tags:impact, hong, kong

Abstract
This paper analyzes "A Modern History of Hong Kong" by Steve Tsang. It explains the reasons for and effects of the making of Hong Kong into a Crown colony. In addition, the paper offers a critical review of the book and offers some suggestions for its improvement.

From the Paper
"This paper analyzes "A Modern History of Hong Kong" by Steve Tsang and discusses the reasons behind and effects of England's decision to make Hong Kong into a Crown Colony. When the British flag was finally lowered on June it signaled the end of an era for Hong Kong. By this time Hong Kong had been transformed to an international financial center boasting a high quality of life for most of its residents, a stable government and an ..."

Tags:Hong Kong, England, imperialism, colonization, Hong Kong economy, China, Opium War

Abstract
A critique of two articles focusing on Hong Kong's economic development in the post World War II era. The focus of both articles in on the industrialization of Hong Kong.

From the Paper
"This paper will analyze two scholarly articles "Strategies for Rapid Economic Development: The Case of Hong Kong" by Leonard Cheng and "Hong Kong and its Strategic Values for China and Britain" by Cheuk-Wah Chan. Both articles explore the post World War II industrialization of Hong Kong albeit from different perspectives and over different timelines. The two articles are a study in contrasts, however, and not merely in their substantive content but also in their very structure and the quality of their writing. Cheng's article fails to present..."

Tags:Hong Kong, economy, development, post world war II, industrialization

Abstract
This paper explores why the memory of the Japanese invasion and occupation of 1941 to 1945 have remained parts of Hong Kong's culture to shape attitudes and political thinking into the present. Th paper includes references to academic papers and several journal articles. Additionally, the paper notes that the Imperial Japanese Army's occupation was most harsh and for three years and 8 months Hong Kong's people survived under martial law and had their economy destroyed.

From the Paper
"Some historical events prove unforgettable, years later, for they shape new events and also, the cultures that grow up around them. Hong Kong's invasion by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) in December of 1941 and a difficult Japanese occupation till September of 1945 can be seen to have strong legacies. The time is associated with Japanese brutality and economic ruin, the present miracle of Hong Kong something built after 1945 in the aftermath of a complete disaster. Thinking on contemporary Japan is shaped by the World War II experience towards popular distrust of Japanese..."

Tags:hong kong, ww2, occupation

Abstract
This paper explains that, with the handover of Hong Kong to China, the identity of Hong Kong is undergoing a changing reality as witnessed by the changing identity of Hong Kong?s culture seen through its media and press. The author points out that many Hong Kong residents are now convinced that the culture and identity of Hong Kong rests not upon its citizens but on the government of China, thus challenging the future of human rights and democracy in Hong Kong. The paper states that many people believe that China has no interest whatsoever in the media and press freedom of Hong Kong as long as the economy of the country is resonant.

From the Paper
"Hence, China can do or undo any rules and promises it previously made to the Hong Kongers. China can very easily use its legal documents and texts to justify its actions. Leaders worldwide have now begun to show their concern over the media change in Hong Kong. It is highly essential for Hong Kong to maintain its media identity since it greatly relies on it. Despite China's promise to the mass population of Hong Kong regarding their freedom of press and expression, Hong Kong today is an entirely different place than it was before the hand over. According to Lin Neumann, ?The climate of free expression in Hong Kong has shifted in subtle but distinct ways: In the vibrant Hong Kong press, self-censorship has become a fact of life."

Tags:change, government, rights, economy, britian

Abstract
The paper offers a survey of the history of Hong Kong that is focused on economic development. The paper also includes a reflection on how this created a distinctive Hong Kong economy, from the 1840s into the present. The paper discusses the forward thinking business culture that came after WWII when they wanted to avoid dependency by launching the light industry/manufacturing to augment the shipping base that altered with British imperial decline. The paper places an emphasis on Hong Kong as a finance centre and as negotiating an advantageous position with respect to Beijing, after the 1990s handover.

From the Paper
"Economic history is more than the study of productivity or statistics. It provides understanding of how distinctive cultures develop and change and the economic history of Hong Kong seems bound to have created a new identity and one that people belonging to Hong Kong will continue to value. Brown & Foot's study of Hong Kong reflects a manner of looking at Hong Kong's development in delineated phases or 'stages' after 1840. However, if one looks at economics in a society that is dynamic, contained, but also cosmopolitan, thematic approaches may be more helpful."

Tags:hongkong, economy, culture