Abstract
This paper investigates the concept of the informal economy in African states in order to demonstrate how the people of Africa are working to survive outside of the traditional government- sanctioned economy. As women are those that are frequently most active in the informal economy, this paper specifically investigates the role of women in these informal economies.

Abstract
This paper reviews an article from the "African Journal of Business Management" by Ukpata and Olukotun entitled "The Effect of Organizational Development on the Nigeria Economy", which underscores the need to implement the correct types of reforms at the right time. Next, the author applies this contextual issue in planning, conducting and evaluating an organizational development intervention at a hospital. The paper concludes that the primary job of the organizational developer is to assist the client in establishing realistic goals and expectations no matter what type of organization is being addressed.

Table of Contents:
Article Review
Ukpata and Olukotun's "The Effect of Organizational Development on the Nigeria Economy" from the "African Journal of Business Management", (2008).
Summary
Key Themes/Arguments
Strengths/Weaknesses
Discussion
Contribution of the Article
Contextual Issues in Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating an Organizational Development Intervention
Case of an Ailing Hospital
Analysis
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Managerial focus is another problem that developed from the previous managerial intervention. The focus of the training was on building managers, instead of leaders. They learned how to manage the technical aspects of the job, but they did not learn the types of leadership skills that will spur an organization into its best performance. Leaders set an example, rather than dictating. They focus on inspiring others to do their best rather than simply issuing mandates. They focus on finding the root cause of problems rather than just placing the blame on someone."

Tags:study, change processes, country reforms, intervention accountability

Abstract
The paper relates that although the continent of Africa is rich in resources and possibilities, certain countries on the continent have experienced a great deal of political and social unrest. The paper explains that to combat some of the issues facing the continent of Africa, the African Union was created. The paper explores the successes and failures of the African Union and focuses on what needs to be done to improve its effectiveness.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Synopsis of the African Union
Successes of the African Union
Failures of the African Union
Improvements to the African Union
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to Melber (2001) the formation of the African Union on 11 July 2000 was a constitutive act implemented by the 36th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government. This act mandated ratification by at least two-thirds of the 53 members of the Organization of African Unity. By the time the Lusaka Summit took place in July 2001, 50 member states had agreed upon the document and the African Union was created."

Tags:HIV/AIDS, democracy, Darfur, peacekeeping, troops, Junjaweed, economy

Abstract
The paper discusses an intergovernmental organization (IGO) of interest that is the African Union (AU). The paper relates that the organization is a pan-African organization aimed to "propel a united continent towards peace and prosperity" ("Profile: African Union") and the union also aims to support development, get rid of poverty and bring Africa as a player into the global economy. The paper discusses how the AU believes that conflicts have to be settled before prosperity is achieved, and this is reflected in its Peace and Security Council. The paper mentions that the council can intervene in conflicts and deploy military forces in various situations, including genocide and humanity crimes.

From the Paper
"The intergovernmental organization (IGO) of interest is the African Union (AU). The organization is a pan-African organization aimed to "propel a united continent towards peace and prosperity" ("Profile: African Union"). The union also aims to support development, get rid of poverty and bring Africa as a player into the global economy. The AU believes that conflicts have to be settled before prosperity is achieved, and this is reflected in its Peace and Security Council. The council can intervene in conflicts and deploy military forces in various situations, including genocide and humanity crimes."

Tags:african, union, igo

Abstract
This in-depth paper discusses the parallels between the colonial states and the independent African nations stressing that there are much more commonalities between the two than most critics would acknowledge. Writer Michael Crowder addresses the complaints of European nations and various media publications against the decline of the African nations since their independence from European colonial rule. The paper also details Europe's desire for the former African colonies to create and maintain a liberal democracy in order to achieve political and economic independence.

From the Paper
"Crowder does not see the same "African disaster" that so many others see. When looking at Africa in total with its history of rule under colonialism and the haphazard manner at which independence had been thrusted at the African nations, it is amazing that these African nations have survived and achieved the successes that they have done so today. Where others saw despair in the African nations, Crowder saw success and hope for a brighter African future. He first examines the parallels between the colonial states and the independent African nations, stressing that there are much more commonalities between the two than the critics would acknowledge."

Tags:africa, europe, nigeria, political, economy, media, perception

Abstract
This paper examines Ghana's economy. Subsistence agriculture continues to be the most important sector of this West African country's economic structure and more than half of the work force is employed in subsistence agriculture, and these small landholders and their employees account for approximately one-third of Ghana's gross domestic product. The paper shows that as it is well endowed with natural resources, Ghana has roughly twice the per capita output of the poorer countries in West Africa, yet despite this productivity, the Ghanaian economy remains heavily dependent on international financial and technical assistance.

Tags:ghana, economy, issues

Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that the premise of political economy for the black church within Linden and Carter's articles provides a model for realizing the depth and scope of white hegemony within the Catholic Church. The writer notes that in America, the issue of racism has often been a construct of the Catholic Church, especially in the theological perspectives brought forth by African American theorists. The writer discusses that the issue of a multifaceted political and economic evaluation of American society pinpoints that many different levels of institutional racism that has been a tragedy for both white and black morality within Christian policy.

Tags:church, African, religion

Abstract
This paper examines the operations and underlying strategies of South African Breweries Ltd (SABMiller or SAB), the second largest brewery in the world, born and bred in South Africa. The paper points out that SAB focuses on building first choice brands, on nurturing partnerships with distributors, customers and the communities in which they operate and on being a responsible employer and global citizen. SAB's results demonstrate that the momentum of recent years is continuing across their businesses delivering growth and volumes ahead of expectations; therefore, the paper recommends investing in the company. The paper is written in the style of an annual report and includes color photos.

Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Factors Contributing to Annual Results:
Outlook for SABMiller
Factors contributing to Future Results
Corporate Governance
The King Report on Governance for S.A
Main Strategic Initiatives
Financial Analysis-March 2006
The Beverage Industry-Competition
Awards and Acheivements
Conclusion
Appendices

From the Paper
"These compliances are monitored closely by both individual and institutional investors. Individual investors are those who buy relatively small quantities of shares so as to earn a return on idle funds, build a source of retirement income or provide financial security. Institutional investors are investment professionals that are paid to manage other people's money. They hold and trade large quantities of securities for individuals, businesses and governments. These may include banks, insurance companies and pension funds."

Tags:economy expectations, institutional investors, global footprint, compliances

Abstract
This paper examines the construction of Africa as a ?naturally violent place? by attempting to show that such portrayals misrepresent a complex and ambiguous picture. It looks at how such portrayals form a representation that affects the social world, both in the global North and in the South. It argues that contrary to journalistic depictions, which tend to naturalise and remove African conflict to some ahistorical realm far away from the global North, the roots of many of the conflicts plaguing the Horn of Africa can be found in the intersection of the global and the local. It also examines some of the conflicts in North East Africa and argues how one of the elements critical to these conflicts is not just the weapons flows and economic interests of the Global north but the way global narratives ? of progress, of modernity ? are taken up and played out.

From the Paper
"Before examining the construction of "natural violence", it is important to consider what violence is. When confronted by Alice Lakwena, an Acholi woman from northern Uganda who was possessed by a Christian sprit known as Lakwena and started a guerrilla group - journalists employed terms like "voodoo priestess." Journalists, in being asked to report on the now, especially in a place so far from their understanding, tend to neglect history - Johnson (2003) called it an institutional amnesia. This is not simply the fault of journalists; violence, a war, has this compelling property. So great are the upheavals of war, and the apparent discontinuities they bring with them, that they can often mask the deep rooted reasons for such struggle."

Tags:economy, sudan, war, witchcraft

Abstract
The paper notes that the African tourism industry is booming despite the worldwide threats of terrorism and high aviation fuel costs. The paper analyzes an article that appeared in African Business, "Boom Time for African Tourism," by Nasseem Ackbarally and Neil Ford, which discusses the pros and cons of the boom facing the African tourism industry. The point is made by the paper that Africa depends on the tourist industry for its economic well being.

From the Paper
"While the rise in tourist numbers in Africa is bound to lead to greater investment in the transport infrastructure, including an increased investment in roads and airports, and the water and power resources, the downside is the diversion of scarce resources away from residential and industrial consumers. Most world travelers and even folks that do not get to travel have been enticed by African safaris from an early age."

Tags:tourist, revenues, wars, on, terror, growing, industries, turbulent, environment