Abstract
This paper addresses several aspects of European economic history, focusing primarily on the medieval period. The paper includes a discussion of the role of the fairs of Champagne and the effect of the Black Death.

Tags:economics, history, trade, europe, feudalism, serfs, finance

Abstract
This paper looks at two very different articles that have to do with the 20th century economic history of Hong Kong. Teh first article the paepr reviews is by David Clayton, in which he describes all that he was able to learn from records that he obtained in the 1990s from an ordinary Hong Kong knitting factory that had gone bankrupt in 1933 and how it was reconstructed. Catherine R. Schenk's "The Empire Strikes Back -Hong Kong and the Decline of Sterling in the 1960s" refers to a very different Hong Kong.

Tags:hk1930s, hk1960s, adaptation

Abstract
This paper is largely a history essay on Bolivia. It begins with Evo Morales election and expands from there to include the political and economic history of the nation. All of this is done in brief, but features election percentages, average GDP and standard of living information as well. It finishes with a discussion of issues that need to be addressed and how that can effect relations with the United States.

From the Paper
"Bolivia's economy is gradually being nationalized by the Evo Morales government. The main industries are mining and natural gas. There is a moderate agricultural sector. Private sector investment is the lowest in Latin America, a function of the rampant nationalization. The GDP per capita is only $4500, one of the lowest levels in the Americas. There is widespread underemployment (Ibid). The inflation rate of 11.5% is evidence that the economy lacks stability, despite a positive balance of payments. Bolivia does, however, have a large underground economy in coca production, which is legal there. Bolivia is reportedly the number three producer of cocaine in the world, which makes a significant contribution to the economy, far beyond the indigenous use prescribed by Evo Morales."

Tags:Bolivia, politics, government, international, south america

Abstract
This paper discusses several economists regarding their commonalities as well as their methodologies. The paper also responds to a series of questions related to classical economics, neo-classical economics and some of the major principles of this field of study. Smith, Marx, and Keynes are discussed in depth as well and the idea that Keynes is perhaps the greatest of the economists is examined.

From the Paper
"This document discusses several economists regarding their commonalities as well as their methodologies. It also responds to a series of questions related to classical economics, neo-classical economics and some of the major principles of this field of study. Smith, Marx, and Keynes are discussed in depth as well and the idea that Keynes is perhaps the greatest of the economists is examined.
"Marx was instrumental in changing the course of 20th century history and..."

Tags:history, economic, thought

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of capitalism, specifically in regard to the American economic system. The author addresses a variety of flaws within capitalism and takes a sided angle against modern capitalism and its functions.

From the Paper
"Capitalism is one of the most misrepresented economic structures practiced in the present day. The economic standing of a capitalist society relies on the monetary participation as well as the drive for accumulation of material possessions by the people. Capitalism requires voluntary advancement through the socioeconomic system, as a participant, even when an individuals. personal beliefs, values, and morals are contradicted by the system itself.This requirement establishes, that while living within a capitalist economy, people are expected to conform their personal and professional opinions within the capitalist system of beliefs. One has no choice other than conformity within the system if one intends to live a fruitful and prosperous life."

Tags:america, flaws, economics

Abstract
This paper discusses the relevance of the Massachusetts Board of Gas to the study of state utility regulatory history. The paper explains that nineteenth century Massachusetts very much served as an incubator for state regulatory expansion and that the formation of the Board marked the beginning of an important experimental period of regulation that likely impacted the design of future commissions in other states. Includes extensive bibliography for future research.

From the Paper
"In history books and political sciences studies, the Massachusetts Board of Gas has been wrongly cast aside as an irrelevant chapter in the nation's development of the modern commission apparatus. On the contrary, evidence suggests that people learned from the Massachusetts board and may have even used the board's works as a basis for similar commissions across the nation. The fact that Commissioner Forrest Edson Barker, in his biography, was said to have been sought out as a speaker by several state legislatures, means that other people - from different states - were aware of the regulatory experimentation occurring in Massachusetts."

Tags:political, science, economics, social, compilation, organization, data, measurements

Abstract
This paper relates that the success of both Chinese and Japanese emigrants symbolizes their efforts in constructing an industrialized and agricultural America. The author points out that, because of hardship and discrimination, both groups formed their own communities and labor unions in order to strive for labor rights for their contributions, which gradually developed strong alliances with their own cultural values and thus helped to create a multicultural America that resists notions of assimilation. The paper concludes that, if the history of these ethnic groups were eliminated, there would be blank pages in the history of America because this people built the wealth of America.

From the Paper
"In the 1800s, America was sought as a "New World" of opportunities and a better life for emigrants who were "pushed" out of their country by economic depression and "pulled" by hopes and dreams of fortune. Many Chinese migrants came to America to seek sanctuary from intense revolts and harsh economic conditions in China caused by the British Opium War (Takaki 192). The Japanese emigrated to America for similar reasons as the Chinese. 1868 was the year of the Japanese Meiji Reform and the government financed national defense by heavy taxing in order to establish a strong centralized society."

Tags:symbolize, economic, communities, construction, unions

Abstract
The paper discusses John Adams and states that he is regarded as one of the founding fathers of the United States, whose contribution to the reception and drafting of the Declaration of Independence was extremely significant. The paper continues by commenting that Adams was stubbornly independent of spirit and that his demanding conscience was truly his guide. The paper comments that his minor flaws were of little significance and history accepts that he played an invaluable part in the freedom and independence of America. In addition, the paper relates that John Adams should also be remembered because his contribution to the country went beyond the Declaration of Independence, as his dedication to his country never wavered. Lastly, the paper reminds us that Adams served with varying degrees of success as diplomat, ambassador, US Vice President, and US President.

Outline: Introduction
Early life and Education
Independence
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The historical situation and the circumstances that the colonists found themselves in, made Adams more determined that there should be full independence from Britain. He felt this was the only way that true freedom could be achieved. However there as strong opposition to any firm break with Britain among many of the colonists. From a political point of view, in terms of the war against England, Adams realized that, " No foreign nation would send them assistance or even trade with the rebellious colonies if the colonies themselves did not declare their existence as an independent nation" . (McCullough)
As a chosen as the Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress Adams was part of the Committee of Five appointed to draw up the declaration of independence, largely due to the fact that he was a "well known leader in the fight for liberty," and because of the respect that he had achieved in his political and legal career. (Leopold) The other creators of the Declaration were: Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, Benjamin Franklin, and Jefferson. (Leopold) Adams was to sit on 90 committees, including an all-important war committee. He also served as the de facto secretary of war during the Revolution."

Tags:colonists, rebellious, colonies, Continental, congress, economic, disaster

Abstract
This paper provides a look at how economics have evolved throughout history to arrive at what economists understand it to be today. The paper considers the ideas and thoughts of several known economists in history like Robert Fogel and John Maynard Keynes and explains how their questions and conclusions relating to the economy have made significance influence to society. The paper also discusses events in history that helped shaped economists' ideology on the subject, such as the downfall of the Gold Standard, the uprising of Fascist corporatism in the western part of Europe, and the five year projects of Soviet Union and the Great Depression. Lastly, the author examines different schools of economy thought like the classical school and the neo-classical school and why criticism is a way to promote a better economy.

From the Paper
"Economics is a broad subject and economists have applied several methods to arrive at conclusions relating to the economy. Economics has to consider various factors like society and the culture which molded the subject. These factors are the basics of economy which everyone in society should look forward to. History of economics and the initiatives put forward to measure them began with the various questions raised regarding the economy."

Tags:philosophy, economists, theories

Abstract
This paper examines the nature of the Federal Reserve System, the push towards centralized banking in the United States, the panic of 1907, the evolution of the Federal Reserve during the 20th century, and the future of the institution.The paper highlights the significant role that the Federal Reserve System has played in the history of the United States since its creation. The paper explains that the Federal Reserve System was the final and most successful attempt by the United States government to create a centralized banking system for the nation that could help stabilize the economy and centrally coordinate financial policy-making. The paper then points out that, though significant criticism has been leveled at the Federal Reserve, throughout its history, there are few indications that the Federal Reserve will be abolished in the near future. In conclusion, the paper shows that for the foreseeable future, the Federal Reserve System will be an undeniable feature of American political and economic life.

Outline:
Introduction
What Is the Federal Reserve System?
Early History of Banking the United States, 1791-1913
The Panic of 1907 and the Birth of the Federal Reserve
From 1913 to the Present: The Evolution of the Fed
Criticism and the Future of the Fed
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve System was first established in the wake of the Panic of 1907. Earlier attempts to create such a system of federal banks had failed, but the Panic provided the impetus by apparently highlighting the need for a system like the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) called for a system of eight to twelve mostly autonomous regional reserve banks. These banks would be owned by commercial banking interests, but coordinated by a committee appointed by the President of the United States (Flaherty sec. 13). In this way, the Federal Reserve System was originally devised as a private banking system that could operate largely in the public interest."

Tags:central, bank, monetary, policy, political