Abstract The paper examines Michael Hart's thesis that Canadian tradepolicy has too often been shaped by political considerations rather than economic ones and this trend has led to economic dislocation that could have been avoided. The writer agrees with Hart in general, noting his lucid arguments in favor of free trade and his especially cogent argument in favor of NAFTA. The writer concludes that Michael Hart has made a valuable contribution to existing literature.
From the Paper "Hart's defense of his thesis really begins early on in his work. For one thing, Hart notes that Canada has actually been strengthened in some respects by a heavily-regulated international trade situation insofar as such an arrangement actually makes it less vulnerable to unilateral and arbitrary decisions in Washington or elsewhere (8). Simply on its surface, this assertion makes a great deal of sense: Canada is a nation of just over 30 million souls; the United States has about ten times that number and possibly a 100 times the economic clout world-wide. Furthermore, other nations like Russia, China, India and even "western European" nations like France, Germany and Great Britain all have considerably greater human and capital resources than does Canada."
An evaluation of the economic data and tradepolicy presented in "A Trading Nation: Canadian TradePolicy from Colonialism to Globalization" by Michael Hart.
Abstract This paper reviews Michael Hart's book, "A Trading Nation: Canadian TradePolicy from Colonialism to Globalization" in order to argue the case that Canadian tradepolicy is often created around subjective and biased economic information that create Canada's tradepolicy. The paper further analyzes how Hart uses both tradepolicy and empirical economic data in his research, rather than using market fluctuations and government interaction, to define how Canada's trade economy will function for the best interest of the nation.
From the Paper "Finally, Hart uses trade policy to define how Canada will co-exist with America as a major trade partner in multilateral trade policy. Although the 1995 AFTA agreement helped to open the borders with American trade, the actually trade policy issues within the agreement were often not in the best interest of Canada. Often the issue of privatization in the American economy helped to defy the "openness" of the agreement, which helps to solidify Hart's thesis of data that stays close with policy initiatives. In many ways, the data revolving around Canada's markets and the way that politics plays into the mix, does not reflect the serious issues that limit the true autonomy of Canada's part in the NAFTA."
Abstract By examining information pertaining to recent economic history and policies, this paper analyzes economicglobalization and the dangers of exploitation it imposes . The paper illustrates how the increasing acceleration and intensity of economicglobalization in recent years has already inflicted destructive economic, political, social and cultural consequences upon millions of people around the world. The paper argues that the ultimate result of globalization will be an entrenched global economy that further empowers and enriches the interconnected economic and political establishment in every country and further impoverishes the powerless and the poor.
From the Paper "The ongoing pattern of economic globalization first emerged in the early 1970s, although its origins lie in the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944 and the immediate post-World War II era. For more than two decades, roughly between 1945 and 1970, the combined effects of a global marketplace and the welfare state produced a golden economic era for people in almost every socioeconomic bracket in North America and Western Europe. (IMF)
"For awhile, income inequality declined and most people saw their standards of living improve as a consequence of economic growth, moderately progressive income taxes, and the expansion of income transfer programs. People living in the United States and Western Europe benefited the most from prevailing economic and trade policies, but even in the developing world, poverty and unemployment declined in the early years of globalization."
Abstract This paper examines how economic development of any country promotes the trade and business and how free trade and liberalization in tradepolicies, on behalf of the governments, help the businesses to flourish and effectively compete in the world market. The writer covers the issues related to the economic development of the developing nations and discusses the aspects that have caused hindrance in the economic development of these countries. Finally the paper cites the example of a developing country (India) and discusses how liberalization in trade has helped it in making remarkable achievements with respect to economic growth and to bring improvements in its industry and trade.
From the Paper "In an era of increased globalization and advancements in technology, it has become increasingly important for all of the nations of the world to keep bringing improvements in their economic infrastructure and to expand their businesses on the global scale. It has been observed that without a reasonable level of economic development any country cannot gain a competitive position in the world market. This is the dilemma faced by most of the developed nations of the world."
Abstract This paper presents and discusses the arguments for and against the World Trade Organization (WTO) and globaltrade. It argues that a synthesis approach represents the most realistic and accurate assessment of these issues. The paper suggests that while the operations of the WTO and globaltrade clearly serve the interests of powerful transnationals in the global marketplace, they also clearly create prosperity and opportunity for millions in less developed countries.
From the Paper "In this analysis, the evidence is undeniable that international trade and globalization contribute to shared prosperity in many cases; the existence of the Asian "Tigers" is clear proof of this. The case of environmental protection is mixed in this regard, as there does not seem to be any clear correlation between closed and open economies and environmental damage; there are cases of great damage in both examples. However, it is also clear that the WTO does not seem to be supporting the interests of global economic equality in promoting freer trade. Instead, as we have seen, there is compelling evidence that it is, in fact, supporting the interests of powerful corporations even against the expressed interests of western nation-states. Thus, the most accurate conclusion would be that while the WTO and global trade have created shared prosperity for many, they have also reinforced a structural system of global inequality supporting dominance by transnational corporations."
Abstract This paper compares the values of free trade to managed trade. It begins by defining trade and identifying the ideal trade. The paper argues that free trade is the best policy to increase prosperity and equality in a capitalist society. It describes managed trade as the current situation, as tariffs and tradepolicy try to create fair grounds for commerce between two nations, as seen through the example of Japan and the United States. The writer states that protectionist policies, as used in managed trade, have been the anthem of the past and have led to war and conflict.
From the Paper "Trade is the exchange of goods and services between two countries. In order for trade to be successful, both sides must perceive that they benefit from the exchange, or the trade will not take place. In a perfect world, both parties go away from the trade happy that they have ridded themselves of something of which they have surplus, and gained something of value to them. However, in the real world, this does not happen all of the time and one party or the other walks away feeling ?cheated.?
Tags: world, trade, organization, wto, globalization, capitalism, capitalist, policy, global, economy, equality, tariff, japan, usa, united, states
This paper is a detailed analysis of the literature relating to the United States tradepolicy with China and its affects on civil liberties within China.
Abstract This work makes a thorough review of the available literature relating to U.S. trade relations and policy with China, as well as the impact that free trade has had upon human civil rights and democracy in the country of China. The paper states that one of the important outcomes of free trade in the country of China has been the reduction of poverty. This in turn, according to the paper, has lead to growing power vested in citizens of the country and less power vested in the ruling party. Furthermore, it asserts that the rapid change in China has been termed to be a 'transformation' in many primary aspects of living demonstrated in the improved economic and financial aspects in China, as well as serving to impact political aspects in the country as well. The paper concludes that the government in China does not appear to be ready to shun the economic benefits of trade liberalization even if that means making room for the effects of democratization that goes along with economic benefits.
Outline:
Introduction
Idealism versus Realism
Free Trade: U.S.and China Trade Relations
Trade Liberalization and Democratization
Creeping Democratization (Minxin, 1995)
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The work of Ying Ma relates that in spite of what the United States or even the citizens of China may desire, 'the Chinese Government has so far quashed and neutralized pressure for fundamental political change. Beijing controls and stunts precisely those instruments that contribute to the success of broad-cased domestic opposition: It cracks down on political opponents, co-opts potential ones, and indoctrinates the masses. It is eagerly attempting to maximize economic modernization while minimizing its liberalizing effects.' (Ma, 2007) Ying Ma states that there are several 'concrete steps' that might assist promotion of democracy in China. The first of these steps is that 'the United States should not wade into the quandary of slowing Chinese economic growth and cannot stop the Chinese government from institutionalization itself or co-opting its rival political groups,...' however it is possible that the U.S. can do more toward combating 'other sources of authoritarian resilience by strengthening China's political opposition and countering the regime's restriction of coordination goods that range from press freedom to the ability to organize.'"
Abstract The paper relates that "Global Political Economy: Theory and Practice" was written by Theodore H. Cohn to analyze a variety of issues in global and regional tradepolicy, theories of international relations and the role of international institutions. The paper provides an evaluation of Chapter Three entitled "The Realist Perspective". The paper posits that Cohn brings complex theoretical issues into a practical and useful framework for the student reader.
From the Paper "The book Global Political Economy: Theory and Practice was written by Theodore H. Cohn to analyze a variety of issues in global and regional trade policy, theories of international relations and the role of international institutions. It takes a broad overview of the central theoretical currents in International Political Economy (IPE), and explores the key intellectual positions in global political theory. For example, it looks at the positions held by such thinkers as realists (the right-wing), liberals (proponents of free trade) and historical structuralists (the left-wing), and applies these ideas into a real-world context. By offering a centrist position that puts major themes in the world economy into perspective, Cohn allows the reader to relate these abstract notions to concrete practice."
Abstract The paper explains the benefits of a human development approach to tradepolicy, but also notes that unrestricted trade can have significant negative components for workers in both developed and especially developing countries. The paper discusses how a gender analysis can be incorporated into a broader human development approach. The paper explains that an awareness of the role of gender in the process of developing tradepolicies is not simply a matter of equity or justice, but also of critical importance to economic development.
From the Paper "A human development to economic growth and trade policy is a relatively new economic model that is the endpoint of a long tradition of human-centred economics. This approach centers people and people's needs at the core of the economic processes; as their subject and not their object. While this understanding of economics is relatively new in many respects - with the first United Nations Human Development Report being published in 1990 - the basic features of this approach have been concerns of preeminent economic thinkers such as Smith, Mill, Marx and Malthus for generations (UNDP 2003, 22-23)."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the United States tradepolicy with China. This paper analyzes the most favored nations status that China currently holds. The writer examines how China does business, bearing in mind the trade status that China possesses. Further, the writer discusses the reaction of the Bush administration.
From the Paper "Most-favored-nation status guarantees Chinese goods the same tariff treatment in America as those of most other countries. Jodie T. Allen of U.S. News and World Reports comments that U.S. trade officials reluctantly filed a complaint with the World Trade Organization charging that China's tax policies unfairly discriminate against U.S. exporters of semiconductors. Allen goes on to describe the ways in which the Chinese government competes unfairly and blocks U.S. imports now that China has most-favored-nation status. Another example of the way ... "
Tags: most favored nations, China, trade, economics, free trade
Abstract This paper studies foreign tradepolicy during the Clinton administration. The paper analyzes decisions and actions in two of Clinton's top priority areas: (1) the trade imbalance between the U.S. and Japan and (2) the trade status of China. The paper begins by discussing U.S.-Japanese relations, including their impact on financial instability in Asia. The paper attempts to understand how increased stability would behoove the U.S. and how attempting to affect that change would impact fiscal policy regarding Japan. Then the paper turns to U.S.-China relations, focusing on Clinton's desire to bestow Most Favored Nation status on China, in order to increase and improve trade. The paper weighs the benefit of increased trade against the cost of China's human rights violations.
From the Paper "There are many doom-sayers in the U.S. predicting that what was the southeast Asian financial crisis of several years ago, will reemerge in Japan in an even more catastrophic way, which would seriously impact trade agreements, import/export statistics and even the average American consumer who buys millions of Japanese-made products, from computers to microwave ovens. What made the situation in Japan worse than experts anticipated was the steady fall of the Japanese exchange rate, falling by more than 10% from March, 1998 through June. At the same time, Japan entered a recession, registering negative growth in the fourth quarter of 1997 and the first quarter of 1998."
Abstract This paper reviews issues of food safety dividing the United States and Europe in relation to tradepolicy. The paper focuses on the controversy over genetically modified food and meat and milk from hormone-fed cattle. The paper examines both the health and political issues involved.
This paper looks at world tradepolicies and restricted market access by developed nations as a cause of marginalization in globaltrade of Sub-Saharan Africa economies.
Abstract This paper examines how world tradepolicies have caused a marginalization in globaltrade in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) economies. The paper begins by examining the official World Trade Organization (WTO) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) economicpolicies with regard to SSA. Next, the paper examines the implications of world tradepolicies. Then the paper discusses how foreign aid, whether in the form of charitable aid or foreign investment in SSA economies, impacts the production capability of SSA countries. Finally, the paper examines the progress made by SSA nations, the developed world, WTO, and GATT to assist SSA nations in their efforts to fairly share in the global economy. After discussing the cause of the economic problems faced by SSA countries as a result of world tradepolicies, the paper then proposes several solutions to those problems. The paper suggests ways that the developed world can help SSA nations take their places in the global economy. More importantly, the paper suggests ways in which the SSA nations can take control of their developing economies and become competitive in the global market. Finally, the writer maintains that diversifying the economic base for individual SSA nations, as well at the region in general, should lead to greater economic stability and competitiveness.
Contents:
Introduction
Discussion
Poverty in SSA
Official WTO Policy Economic Subsidies
Tariffs
Non-tariff Barriers to Trade Dumping
Foreign Aid
The Downside of Trade Liberalization
HIV/AIDS
Progress
Recommendations
Conclusions
References
From the Paper "Anyone with even a passing familiarity with the global economy is aware that SSA countries, despite their abundant human and natural resources, have not taken a competitive position in the global economy. While the casual observer may believe that SSA's failure to be competitive in the global economy is a result of the interior workings of the economies of those SSA nations, even a cursory investigation into world trade policies quickly reveals a bias against the growth of economies. For example, many of the trade policies established by the WTO under GATT guidelines inhibit true economic growth in SSA economies. Furthermore, those trade policies have helped shape the economic infrastructure of SSA nations, in such a manner that those countries actually maintain policies that inhibit their own economic growth."
Abstract In this article, the writer explains that in economicglobalization there should be free trade or what can be called "flow of goods or services". The writer looks at the benefits of economicglobalization in today's international market. Further, the writer discusses the downfalls of economicglobalization and looks at its negative effects. The writer examines how huge corporations have always favored economicglobalization and because they control the policy and influence the elections, their policies always promote economicglobalization regardless of its negative effects seen globally. The writer contends that the general public is against this view and aims for a system that would help the people to get more jobs and allow the developing countries to get developed. The writer concludes that it is important that people should realize that economicglobalization is not the best option and there is a need to drift to alternatives presented by many economists who aim for a better future.
From the Paper "Trade is an important factor for the economical strengthening of the nations across the globe. The exports would be the input of the money into the country where the imports are described as the output of money of a country or nation. Moreover, due to international trade, the consumers in America have the chance to buy the same goods which the local producers make, at relatively cheap prices which do not affect the quality of the product. It is the trade of one good that a country specializes in with a good that another specializes in. Therefore both import and export are necessary and one cannot exist without another. International trade also reduces the inflexibility of an economy and enhances its flexibility and thus enables it to respond to the changing of the economic condition. Competition increases with trade and thus every organization aims at producing better quality products at lower prices. In practical this is seen in the case of Japan, who in a small time frame has successfully produced low-priced yet high quality products as compared to other competitors from across the globe."
