Abstract
This paper questions the historical use of economic sanctions as a politically heavy-handed tool. It first looks at the historical sanctions that the United States has employed against Cuba and the results that have been seen through the decades. Then it looks at the sanctions that were used against South Africa, somewhat successfully, but questions if these were the reason for the end of Apartheid.

From the Paper
"It seems that we are in an age that loves the "retro," what is old and was once commonplace but is now considered "cool." We embrace motion pictures that are questionable but now nostalgic, we adorn ourselves with clothes that for so long were thought of as yesterday's fashions but are now again trendy. This type of nostalgia and reversion is not only occurring among materialistic avenues; it is also happening in our political thinking and worldviews. It seems only yesterday when the United States was worrying itself over Communism and gulags, over dictators and the Middle East. But that has popped up again, and not just in the "big" war that is happening. We are considering economic sanctions against North Korea and Iran, and we have them in place, not to mention more than a hundred thousand troops, in Iraq."

Tags:economicsanctions, cuba, southafrica

Abstract
The writer examines the history of the development of economic sanctions. It defines this tactic as a type of coercive diplomacy, a strategic political tactic by which a demand to one's adversary is backed up with a threat of punishment for non-compliance that is estimated to be severe enough to be persuasive. The paper traces the policy back to the bible, differentiating between economic sanctions and blackmail.

From the Paper
"Coercive diplomacy consists of four possible tactics: a demand, the means used to create a sense of urgency, threatened punishment for noncompliance and possible incentives. Differences and combinations of these tactics provide five type basic types of coercive diplomacy, identified as the ultimatum, the tacit ultimatum, the "try-and-see" approach the "gradual turning of the screw", and the carrot and stick approach. (3)"

Tags:politics, government, policy, aggression, punishment

From the Paper
"This research examines United States (U.S.) national security in the context of the application of economic sanctions against the Republic of Panama in 1988 and 1989. The topic is examined through (1) a brief review of the history of AmericanPanamanian bilateral relations, (2) an assessment of the potential effects on Panama of economic sanctions, (3) an examination of approach of the U.S. government toward the use of economic sanctions, and (4) the results achieved by the U.S. through the application of economic sanctions against Panama. The final section of this research presents a statement of the conclusions drawn from the findings of the research."

Abstract
In an attempt to influence the behaviour of other states, while avoiding the consequences of military conflict, many states or coalitions of states employ economic sanctions. Proponents of these types of measures argue that they can and do influence the actions of sanctioned states. Their critics argue that they carry little diplomatic weight and impose undue suffering on innocent individuals within the sanctioned state. This case examines the application of sanctions against Iraq in the past decades and concludes that they have had few positive consequences and profoundly negative and immoral impacts.

Abstract
This paper explains why sanctions are not only not antiquated but rather vitally important for the long-term health and security of the United States or any nation. The author points out there is ample evidence that economic sanctions do work to discourage rogue states from continuing with their aggressive and frequently destructive policies. The paper concludes that multilateral sanctions are the most effective means of extending foreign policy influence and is a favorable alternative to military intervention.

From the Paper
"Despite its many critics, there is ample evidence that economic sanctions do work to discourage rogue states from continuing with their aggressive and frequently destructive policies. That said, economic sanctions are only effective if they have the support of the international community and are applied with a measure of practicality that is sometimes sorely lacking in the corridors of power. This paper will discuss the above matters in greater detail with the hope that the end of this paper will bring with it an appreciation for the various ways that economic sanctions can help rather than hinder a nation's foreign policy."

Tags:sanctions, unitedstates, effectiveness

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to discuss economic sanctions used against South Africa to combat apartheid. Economic sanctions against South Africa were first enacted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1962. These sanctions included boycotting its goods and refraining from exporting goods to South Africa. Over the years, as the international community tried to end the system of apartheid, those sanctions, which the Assembly had repeatedly condemned as a "crime against humanity, were expanded.".


The United Nations Security Council instituted a voluntary arms embargo against South Africa in 1963, making it mandatory in 1977--the first time such an action had been taken against a member state. Also in 1977, the Assembly asked the Council to consider imposing mandatory economic sanctions, and in 1979, to..."

Abstract
This paper studies the economic impact of apartheid in South Africa between 1948 and 1991. It looks at post war economic problems and the rise of the National Party, its ruthless enforcement of apartheid and South Africa as one of the most unequal countries in the world.

From the Paper
"This sent shock waves through the white community particularly among white South Africans in the lowest economic strata who feared that companies would replace them with lower wage earning Black workers. This resulted in a knee jerk reaction among the all-white electorate. According to Stephen Lewis this reaction resulted in the surprise election victory ..."

Tags:Economic impact, apartheid, south africa, mandella, anc, sanctions, united nations, national party, poverty, minority, majority

Abstract
This paper discusses the history, aims, and effectiveness of United States economic and travel sanctions against Cuba. The paper then focuses on the change in public opinion within the United States that favors dropping the sanctions against Cuba. Next, the paper discusses the arguments in favor of dropping the sanctions and presents them as personal recommendations to the President.

Table of Contents:
Situation
Recommendations
Benefits of Change
Short- and Long-Term Change

From the Paper
"Passage of this legislation came at a time when many in congress believed that the fall of Cuba was imminent, based on the example of the Soviet Union and its disintegration. They were wrong, though the sanctions they imposed continue as if they were effective. The formation and maintenance of the policy has been affected from the fist by competing interests in the U.S., and this only adds to the uncertainty seen by many: "The oddities of American politics being what they are, no one can be absolutely certain that the embargo will not last another forty years." Even as the Helms-Burton law was passed, future U.S.-Cuba relations were characterized as bleak as far as any positive change was concerned."

Tags:Castro, foreign, restrictions

Abstract
The paper presents arguments and counterarguments for and against the idea that employer sanctions are the best way to stop illegal immigration into the U.S. The paper considers the ssues of economic survival, respect for law and social justice.

From the Paper
"Claim: American companies have an affirmative obligation to refrain from hiring foreign-born workers who have entered the country illegally. Explanation of the claim: Over the past years, a significant portion of immigrants have entered the U.S. surreptitiously and illegally. They do so in search of work. Although U.S. law makes it illegal to hire undocumented workers, illegals are routinely hired at below-standard wages. Illegal workers who are so identified may be deported, but penalties for employers who hire them are not enforced. Thus hiring..."

Tags:illegal immigration, moral issues, employer, argument

Abstract
This paper explains that some less developed countries (LDCs) face high levels of indebtedness and sudden flight capital, which cause concern among international financial institutions. The author points out that the reasons for these problems are (1) low savings rates, which lead to low investment, a breakdown of the rule of law and high corruption and (2) inadequate reforms by last resort financing organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The paper relates that foreign aid has been a disappointing experience for LDCs even though the World Trade Organization carries a powerful enforcement capacity; however, this process is unbalanced because the threat of sanctions by a developing country on a country such as the U.S., carries little weight in addition to the prohibitive cost and legal expertise requiremed to pursue a case.

Table of Contents:
Problems
Foreign Aid

From the Paper
"Consumption smoothing is another less disappointing means of increasing savings for less developed nations. What this means is that with integrated capital markets, households can smooth consumption against shocks that affect asymmetrically the domestic and foreign countries, and thus will make them better off. In bad times, countries will borrow money and will lend money in good times, leading to fluctuations of the current account. This concept can be applied in a demographic manner, for example, aging countries can transfer savings to countries whose population is ..."

Tags:indebtedness, wto, consumption, subsidies, globalization