Abstract
This paper studies how businesses are affected in times of economic recessions. The paper discusses globalization and how it has brought about the liberalization of economies and the interconnectivity of national economies. The paper also explains how this means that risks and effects can travel more quickly. The author characterizes economic recession as a decrease in the rhythm of economic growth in a country and gives suggestions for how businesses can combat the contraction of growth and decrease in consumer spending.

From the Paper
"Outsourcing to India and China has become the apparent optimal solution to resolve high labor prices in Western countries. In an economic recession, along with the movement of products and services to third countries, labor demand will also move to these countries. The only potential problems that may arise are related to the cultural differences with these third countries, as well as with the managerial differences and inaptitude in this sense of many of the managers in India, for example. This can generally be solved with training sessions, with the presence of a Western manager among the team, who can also play the role of a trainer, etc."

Tags:research and development, financial markets, outsourcing investments

Abstract
This research paper discusses various topics relating to recession marketing including the following: a brief synopsis of the 2007-2008 economic crisis, advantages of a recession, marketing convenience products, marketing luxury products, survival tactics, a marketing strategy plan, and some recommendations on recession marketing. The paper does not focus on the implications of the recession as much as the objectives of companies during a recession. The paper explores briefly international marketing, but primarily focuses on marketing in the United States. A graph and a diagram are included with the paper.

Outline:
Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Statement of the Problem
Background
Methods
Limitations
Advantages of a Recession
Marketing Convenience Goods
Thriving Goods
Marketing Factors to Consider For Coming Year
Marketing Luxury Goods
Developing a Recession Marketing Plan
Assessing External Factors
Assessing Internal Factors
Strategy Determination
Review and Control
Marketing Tactics
Anticipating Competitors
Value
Quality
Customer Focus
Communications
Promotion
Conclusions and Recommendations
References

From the Paper
"Quality cut downs may not be noticeable in the short-run but in the long run consumers will notice if a company feels tries to save some money by cutting down on the quality of their products. If a company has developed a successful, great brand experience there is no reason in risking that by cutting down on the quality of your products and services. When a company is running a service there is usually give dimensions that quality is based on, the first being reliability which is the need to make sure the service is being performed dependably, and accurately. The second dimension is tangibles which are things like physical facilities, equipment, personnel, communication materials, etc. The third dimension is responsiveness, as the company needs to make sure they are giving the customer the most adequate service, as well as promptly giving that service. The fourth dimension is assurance, which is when a company conveys trust and confidence so the consumer does not have to worry about their service being completed. The last dimension is empathy; because consumers do not want an uncaring person handling a mistake when they are stressed enough, but much rather have a caring employee deal with the matter. All of the quality dimensions are really focused around keeping your product or service where it has been without raising costs, as well as keeping a healthy customer service sector on board to work through troubling economic times where consumers do not want to worry about services that have been loyal to them in the past. (Hartlet et al., 2008, p. 34,36,121) (Hollis, 2008, p. 3-4)"

Tags:marketing, recession, economy, products, economic, consumers, competition, companies, credit, mortgage, banking, federal, business, competitors

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the causes, status, and duration of the current economic recession in the United States.

From the Paper
"In a recent national poll some ... percent of American respondents stated that they felt an imminent economic depression was likely. As significantly a similar number of Americans are convinced that the country is now experiencing a recession. Economics professor Nouriel Roubini of New York University's Stern School of Business believes that the country will experience its worst recession in decades and that earlier predictions of a relatively rapid recovery like the ones taking place in ..."

Tags:recession, financial crisis. banking crisis

Abstract
This paper presents a marketing plan for Wal-Mart and Target which is specifically oriented towards how these companies can sustain sales levels in the midst of an economic recession. Additionally, it attempts to find the potential to capitalize on how cost-conscious consumers have become since the downturn began. The paper states that the focus of a marketing campaign for both retailers should emphasize value. A graph is used to visually communicate this concept. Then, it describes broader concepts of an optimization strategy during a recession. It also looks at pricing strategies to be used during an economic downturn and how they should be communicated to customers. The paper further addresses how both companies have hired PR firms to help during this time. Finally, the paper explores distribution considerations during a severe recession. The paper concludes by emphasizing what it sees as critical execution strategies for both companies during a severe recession. This paper contains figures.

Outline:

Introduction
Marketing Plan Analysis
Retail Product Strategies for a Severe Recession
Pricing Analysis and Strategies in a Severe Recession
Promotional Strategies in a Severe Recession
Distribution Considerations in a Severe Recession

From the Paper
"In devising a marketing plan for Target and Wal-Mart that has as its goal the ability to stabilize sales and potentially profit from the downturn by stressing the messages of price and value, it is imperative to realize that these strategies cannot exist only on their own. They will have immediate and significant effects on the collaborative planning and forecasting systems (CPFR) (Doiron, 2004) supply chains, fulfillment systems and distributed order management systems of each company as supplier forecasts will need to be modified to reflect the variations in demand that will occur based on the marketing strategies implemented. For any marketing strategy to be effective in a turbulent economic environment it must be integrated into the broader demand chain..."

Tags:collaborative planning and forecasting systems, distribution, pricing

Abstract
This paper hypothesizes that the economic difficulties currently encountered by the United States are not just a temporary shortage but rather represent the path to recession and that the economic recession in the U.S. not only affects the citizens of America but also citizens of other countries. The author describes the use of secondary data as the data collection plan. This data is presented in bullet point format. The paper concludes that this data is valid; thereby, the author concludes that the U.S. recession does effect the global economy.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Research Hypotheses
Data Collection and Organization
Data Collected on U.S. Economic Status
Data Collected on the International Impact of the American Recession
Validity of Data

From the Paper
"The employees in the foreign countries directly working with the American multinationals will also be affected as the payment capabilities of the U.S. organizations will decrease; ergo, the outsourced jobs could also become reduced, generating decreased living standards and increased unemployment rates in the foreign countries.
"The global growth was based on large amounts of liquidities, held by the American banks as a results of corporate deposits - money derived from consumers' purchases."

Tags:goals, long-term problems, sino-dollars barriers dependent

Abstract
The paper relates that recessions, or at least a contraction in economic activity, are a normal part of the business cycle. The paper argues that whether or not the United States is in a recession as of November 2008 is, however, for most people just a matter of semantics. This paper discusses the causes of the economic crisis of fall 2008 and it focuses on the lack of government regulation of investments.

From the Paper
"The term "recession" has different formal definitions and customary uses. Newspapers and media customarily define "recession" as a decline in Gross Domestic Product, the total value of all internal manufacturing, financial and other economic activity for two or more calendar quarters. Economists do not like this definition. It ignores other variables that might not immediately affect GDP, such as consumer confidence or unemployment."

Tags:recession, depression, economics

Abstract
This paper provides an in-depth look at the Japanese economy before and after the collapse of the Tokyo stock-market which occurred at the start of the current recession. It shows how Japan was considered to be the perfect economy and idealized by the West with regard to its statistics on growth, unemployment and productivity. Causes of the collapse are analyzed. The writer presents many statistics about the current economic state and looks at the government's plans to boost the economy.

From the Paper
"The revisionists asserted that, in contrast to the open-market capitalism of the "Anglo-American" model, Japan practiced a unique form of state-directed insider capitalism. Under that model, close relationships among business executives, bankers, and government officials strongly influence economic outcomes. By strategically allocating capital through a tightly controlled banking system, they argued, Japan would drive foreign competitors out of sector after sector, leading eventually to world economic domination. (Thompson, 1997)

"Sooner or later, the United States must come to grips with the fact that Japan has become the leading industrial nation in the world. The Japanese have the longest life span. They have the highest employment, the highest literacy, and the smallest gap between rich and poor. Their manufacturing products have the highest quality."

Tags:stock, market, Toyko, collapse, recession, yen, buget, deficit, recession, Japan

Abstract
The paper outlines China's and America's political system and looks at the state of capitalism in China. The paper examines the form of democracy in China and highlights America's flawed belief that opening China to trade would eventually turn it into a democracy. The paper discusses the US 2005 commission report and how the Chinese perceived it as interference in their internal affairs. Finally, the paper argues against those who contend that China caused the financial mess and resulting recession in the US, and asserts that the economic crisis was caused by Americans themselves.

Outline:
The Political System of China
American Political System
Capitalism in China
Real Democracy?
A Wrong Paradigm for China
Interfering with Chinese Affairs, Distorting Facts
Not to Blame for Recession in the US

From the Paper
"The fundamental law in China is the Constitutional System (China Guide 2009). Its present Constitution was adopted by the Fifth National People's Congress on December 4, 1982. The National People's Congress or NPC is the highest state authority, China's fundamental political system. On the other hand, local authorities head local people's congresses. The people elect both state and local authorities. China's central administrative system consists of central administrative organs under the National People's Congress and central administrative organs controlling local administrative organs. The State Council of the People's Republic of China is the central administrative organ and the highest administrative organ of state. Meanwhile, the local administrative system sets up and controls administrative regional divisions and local administrative organs."

Tags:Constitution, democracy, capitalism, recession, Hu, Jintao

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth analysis of the affects of September 11th on the Japanese economy. Several different factors contributing to the deepening recession in Japan are examined in detail, including unemployment statistics, the findings of the Bank of Japan's Tanken survey, suicide figures and corporate restructuring. The changes in people's behavior, including expense accounts, dress and spending habits as a result of this recession and the change in Japan's credit rating and its affect on how government policy is affected by this change are also discussed in detail. The author also presents some of the government's policy attempts at dealing with this problem including new economic policies, tax reform, privatization schemes and the restructuring of the banking system. The effects that this has had on Japan's relations with China, especially in its trade relations are also discussed in detail.


Extensive bibliography but no footnotes, or endnotes.

From the Paper
"According to a recent article in Bloomberg News entitled "Think Japan's Economy is Bad Now, Just Wait," the situation will only get worse.' "It's here where things get ugly," " the article states. " "As unemployment rises beyond today's record 5 percent, consumers may spend less. If already frugal households buy less, corporate profits fall further and so do asset values. Banks, then, may be forced to let more companies fail, boosting unemployment and reducing corporate profits. And so on and so on." This is the very cycle Japan's policy makers have been dreading for years. To date, Tokyo has held things together with ultra-low interest rates and aggressive fiscal spending. Now that borrowing costs are at zero percent and Tokyo has papered markets with more bonds than investors can use, that's no longer possible. Credit rating agencies are sniffing around Japan's finances, wondering if it's time for another downgrade."

Tags:policies, tax, privatization, recession, financial, unemployment, jobs, slowdown, rates, interest, banking, public, government, china, options, policy, trade

Abstract
In this paper the author looks at how the currency of South Korea, the won, de-valuated greatly against the American dollar. The author looks at how this devaluation affected South Korea's economy in that several of its businesses are on the verge of bankruptcy, unable to repay their massive foreign and domestic debts. The author looks at the request by South Korea for help from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the proposed plan by the IMF. In conclusion, the author states that there are clearly two parties of thought, some who believe the IMF plan will work and South Korea's economy will blossom and others who believe it will continue to deteriorate.

Table of Contents
Introduction
U.S. Involvement in South Korea's Economic Development
South Korea's Basic Economic Structure
The Fall of South Korea's Economy
The International Monetary Fund
Prognosis

From the Paper
"The economic strategy emphasizing exports had produced a shortage of domestic consumer goods that was exacerbated by the increasing demands brought about by rising wages and the advance in living standards. Price controls imposed on producers of consumer goods discouraged the manufacture of these goods, and the rapid inflow of dollars expanded the money supply and inflation became a serious problem.
President Park addressed these problems by replacing the economic team in December 1978 and adopting stabilization measures. However, these methods caused a recession, produced a series of bankruptcies among small and medium loan-dependent enterprises, and increased unemployment. This situation was similar to Korea's current economic problems. However, foreign aid continued to flow into the country and the government and large companies were able to continue servicing their debts."

Tags:empire, budget, government, recession, unemployment, loans, crisis, national