Abstract This paper discusses China's economicpolicy and growth refracted through its foreign policies, its geo-political designs, and its internal consumption patters vis-a-vis energy and specifically petroleum. The research design is qualitative in approach and the conclusion is that while China has, in the past, united its foreign policy with that of its economicpolicy, and visa-versa, it has now begun to unwed these particular governmental dimensions with uncertain results. In the future, China is seen as possibly undermining the economic growth it was worked so hard to achieve by uncoupling foreign and economicpolicies.
From the Paper "Table of Contents Introduction 04 Economic Theory 04 Applied Theory 06 Literature Review 06 Foreign Policy as an Economic Weapon 07 Monetary Policy 19 Economics of Petroleum 23 Methodology 28 Philosophical Rationale 28 Theoretical Foundations 29 Research Design 30 Empirical Findings 30 Conclusion 31 References 33 China: Dimensions of Economic Growth Introduction Economic Theory The neoclassical approach to the study of economics hinges on the allocation of resources that are distributed across needs and satisfactions. Supply and demand is often used to characterize neoclassical economics and is useful in that the economic investment in capital: human, physical, or intellectual, is the primary driver behind the theory of supply and demand and the meta-theory of neoclassicism. Neoclassical theory prefers that individuals behave rationally in the market which, consequently ensures that products and services are consumed efficiently and that, by extension, enterprises generate profit just as efficiently. "
Abstract This paper examines various economicpolicies of the U.S. federal government. It deals specifically with monetary policy, antitrust policy, regulatory policy and import quotas--looking at what some of the government policies have been, why they were formulated and how well they have succeeded in producing their intended effects.
Outline
I. Monetary Policy A. Federal Reserve
1. History
2. Purpose
3. Policy 4. Effects
II. Antitrust Policy A. Purpose
B. Sherman Act
C. Federal Trade Commission Act
D. Clayton Act
E. Federal Trade Commission
F. Effects
III. Regulatory Policy A. Purpose
B. Interstate Commerce Act
C. Interstate Commerce Commission
D. Effects
IV. Import Quotas
A. Purpose
B. International Trade Commission
C. Television Imports
D. Steel Imports
E. Effects
From the Paper "In 1977, in response to a petition filed with the ITC by the electronics industry, the U.S. set a quota on the number of television sets that could be imported from Japan (Canto 74). Although imported sets from Japan fell, imported sets from Taiwan and Korea rose to the point that total imports of televisions was unchanged; the U.S. response was to impose quotas on those countries as well (Canto 75). The net result was a negligible impact on the U.S. economy, because while imports of whole sets declined, imports of television parts rose sharply as foreign sets were assembled in the U.S. (Canto 77-80)."
Abstract This paper examines the United States' past and future economicpolicy, with the purpose of recommending future economicpolicy to the President of the United States. The first part of this paper summarizes economic development over the past ten years. This includes unemployment, deficit spending, trade imbalance, and inflation. Part Two of this paper suggests economicpolicy direction for the coming years.
From the Paper "There are a number of given reasons by economists to explain the end to the economic expansion that the nation experienced during most of the Clinton years. Some blame the Federal Reserve, (Solmon, Zycher, 2001) for the downturn in 2000. Alan Greenspan is credited by many for excellent stewardship of the nations economic health during the 1990s. However, starting in 1999 and into 2000 many point to Greenspan's hiking of the interest rate one or two times too many in contributing to the reversal of economic fortune in the country. To compound to problem, he then waited too long to reverse the interest rate hikes as the economy softened. (Solmon, Zycher) The Federal Reserve Board eventually brought the interest rate down to 45-year lows, but the benefits of "cheap" money has taken a while to kick in."
Abstract This paper discusses the economicpolicies of Great Britain from 1945 up until the present day. It discusses both conservative and labor policies and shows how they differed. The paper ends by discussing the rise and implementation of the "new labor" policies. It particularly focuses on Tony Blair's vision of government and politics, including his concept of the "third way."
Table of Contents:
1945-1979
The Thatcher-Major Years
A New Context
The Recent Economic and Social History of the United Kingdom
The Political Situation in Britain
The Left/Right Division
Globalization
The Rise of "New Labour"
How New Is New Labour?
The Characteristics Blair's Policies The Limits of Blairism
From the Paper "After World War II, a new economic philosophy called "Keynesianism" - different from the "laissez-faire" of old - became prevalent; to his main proponent, John Maynard Keynes (1883-1945), free operation of the market was a good thing but it might prove insufficient to ensure full employment in the long term. The State itself should therefore see to it that effective demand (Keynes attached primary importance to it rather than supply) was always renewed by spending money (expanding the money supply, a policy known as reflation) in order to increase purchasing power and encourage private investment, i.e. rejuvenate economic activity. The government had therefore to be much more interventionist and to operate demand management (which meant economic planning). This is what the Labour government did when the core of the economy (steel, coal, airlines, railways, banks, petroleum, telephone logic), seen as too important to be left to the marketplace, was nationalized."
Abstract This paper is a narrative outline of U.S. economicpolicy and economic indicators as they affect Nike.
From the Paper "Monetary Policy: Nike. The actions of the Federal Reserve have helped Nike to prosper by controlling inflation, reducing unemployment, increasing the standard of living for most Americans and providing a stable foreign exchange rate. (Weston et al) The Federal Reserve regulates money supply and interest rates, determines monetary policy, aims to encourage economic growth, control inflation, reduce unemployment to acceptable levels and stabilize the exchange rate between the U S dollar and foreign currencies in the foreign exchange marketplace."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the economicpolicies that are generally held by the Democrat, Republican and Independent political parties in the United States. These political parties are extremely diverse in their treatment of the national economy and therefore only generalizations can be made: This is particularly true in respect to the Independent Party, which is composed of various political theories such as the Libertarian Party and the Green Party, both of which have enormously diverse economicpolicies.
Abstract The paper describes the hardships that both South Korea and Israel endured during the 1960s. The paper then discusses the role of government financing, investment and the use of economic nationalism in both countries and shows the similarities between the economic evolutions and the state's interventions. The paper relates, however, that the current economic situation is somewhat different; in South Korea, the decrease in government intervention led to significant corruption, while in Israel this led to economic innovation and integration in today's modern world of globalization.
From the Paper "Without doubt, the 1960s represent the main time frame in which South Korea and Israel laid the framework for future economic prosperity. Not only that, the most torrid economic development occurred at this time. The most critical propellant of this prosperity, of which will be the primary topic of this paper, was the state-led policy linkages shared between South Korea and Israel. Discussion will be limited to the 1960s because this decade predated nearly twenty years of economic decline for both nations, and also because of the above-mentioned reasons. Further exploration of this intervention will focus on government financing, investment, and the use of economic nationalism."
Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the economicpolicies and actions of the Carter Administration. The paper discusses the condition of the American economy when President Carter took office and the attitude of the American public.
Abstract This paper examines the effects of the economicpolicies of the U.S. in the 1930s and during WWII, in order to determine if those policies were responsible for pulling the nation out of the Great Depression that so engulfed the world. The paper begins with a look at the economic and political situation preceding this period so that a greater understanding of the policies can be obtained and ends by concluding that the economicpolicies of the thirties and WWII did indeed pull the U.S. out of its economic depression.
Table of Contents
President Woodrow Wilson and the Treaty of Versailles
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Enters the Picture
From the Paper "In our histories and those of the other four major powers negotiating, France, Great Britain, Spain and of course Germany the very deepest roots of the "Great Depression," are to be found. In his book, "The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1920," the renowned English Economist John Maynard Keynes sums the issue quite concisely by relating the speech of the German Count Brockdorff-Rantzau to the assembled Peace Conference of the Allied and Associated Powers. The Count had been charged with assembling a study of the effects of the conditions of the Peace on the situation of the German Population."
Abstract This essay analyses the economic reforms carried out during the 1980's and 1990's in Australia. The essay looks at the reasons for the changes as well as the impacts of such reforms. Finally, the essay questions whether such reforms worked to benefit the Australian economy and people. During the 1980's and 1990?s, the institutions of economic governance changed in response to poor economic performance, globalisation, and technological developments. The major change was a shift from Keynesian economicpolicy to microeconomic policy. The purpose of this essay is to examine the impacts of liberal reforms and to address any continuing questions.
From the Paper "During the 1980's and 1990?s, there were various changes carried out. One such change was a decline in tariff protection. In 1974, the Whitlam Government announced a 25% across the board tariff cut (Quiggin, 1996), followed by the Hawke labour government further reducing tariffs to 5% over a period ending in 1992 (Quiggin, 1996). In 1993, Paul Keating effectively enacted a zero tariff campaign. Apart from several troubled sectors such as textiles and car manufacturing, the zero tariff result was achieved under the Howard government in the last years of the century (Brennan & Pincus, 2002). Following the recommendations of the Campbell and Martin Committees of Inquiry, another microeconomic reform occurred in October 1983, with the floating of the Australian dollar."
Abstract The time period between the Great Depression and the end of World War II marked a major shift in economic ideas that transformed not only the international economic order, but domestic policies within most countries of the world as well. The paper shows that the shift of ideas occurred primarily in the United States, arguably one of the hardest hit nations by the depression. The shift was representative of a movement away from the very liberal economicpolicies of the nineteenth and early twentieth century towards collective economic cooperation between public and private sectors. The paper shows that the result was a "cushion" that served to prevent economic and social breakdown in society.
From the Paper "When Roosevelt was elected President in 1933, the United States had a twenty-five percent unemployment rate and very little domestic production (history.searchbeat). With the advice from his top aides, he sought to integrate the federal and state governments into the private sector, in a way never done before. Roosevelt's New Deal expanded the federal government, creating thousands of new jobs. He also implemented new policies to regulate the stock market, and other economic sectors in the United States. Finally, Roosevelt worked with other developed nations (those of whom were also experiencing economic hardships) to develop plans for eliminating their protectionist policies."
Abstract The paper analyzes Mexico's economic development and current situation to explore why a country with such a large economy, vast natural resources, and privileged geographic location is still a third world country. The paper provides a systematic analysis of the past and present situation based on research and world statistics. The paper also evaluates Mexico's economicpolicies and its intervention in international treaties and their impacts on the Mexican economy. Finally, the paper determines viable courses of action for Mexico to improve its economic performance and address its current challenges.
Outline:
Mexico: Economic Analysis
NAFTA
Current Economic Situation
Presidential Policies Future Prospects and Challenges
From the Paper "Mexico was firstly inhabited by several ancient civilizations from 9000 B.C. to until the arrival of the Spanish Conquistadores in 1519. Among these civilizations were the Olmecs, Mayans, Teotihuacans and Aztecs, being the latter the only Empire remaining to face the Spanish. After being defeated, the native Mexican people were brought under Spain's control for 300 years, when Mexican citizens declared their Independence in 1810. Mexico's Independence was recognized on September 27th, 1821 after an Independence War of 10 years. It was until this moment in time that Mexico had to organize itself and form an Economy of its own."
Abstract This paper is an in-depth analysis of the affects of September 11th on the Japanese economy. Several different factors contributing to the deepening recession in Japan are examined in detail, including unemployment statistics, the findings of the Bank of Japan's Tanken survey, suicide figures and corporate restructuring. The changes in people's behavior, including expense accounts, dress and spending habits as a result of this recession and the change in Japan's credit rating and its affect on how government policy is affected by this change are also discussed in detail. The author also presents some of the government's policy attempts at dealing with this problem including new economicpolicies, tax reform, privatization schemes and the restructuring of the banking system. The effects that this has had on Japan's relations with China, especially in its trade relations are also discussed in detail.
Extensive bibliography but no footnotes, or endnotes.
From the Paper "According to a recent article in Bloomberg News entitled "Think Japan's Economy is Bad Now" Just Wait,? the situation will only get worse.' ? ?It's here where things get ugly,? ? the article states. ? ?As unemployment rises beyond today's record 5 percent, consumers may spend less. If already frugal households buy less, corporate profits fall further and so do asset values. Banks, then, may be forced to let more companies fail, boosting unemployment and reducing corporate profits. And so on and so on.? ? This is the very cycle Japan's policy makers have been dreading for years. To date, Tokyo has held things together with ultra-low interest rates and aggressive fiscal spending. Now that borrowing costs are at zero percent and Tokyo has papered markets with more bonds than investors can use, that's no longer possible. Credit rating agencies are sniffing around Japan's finances, wondering if it's time for another downgrade."
This paper discusses whether domestic interest groups are the principal explanation for the international economicpolicies adopted by countries. This paper is relevant to political economy, international relations, and political science studies.
Abstract This paper shows that domestic interest groups are not the principal explanation of foreign economicpolicies. There are other variables that are relatively important, such as domestic state actors, domestic institutions, and internationalization. First, the paper reviews the domestic interest group explanation, highlighting its explanatory strength and weakness. Second, the paper demonstrates that there is a domestic political process behind the formation of international economicpolicies, in which state actors and institutions play important roles. Third, the paper discusses the effects of internationalization on domestic politics and mentions the Putnam two-level game as a framework to move beyond the state-societal and domestic-international distinctions that give primacy to one explanatory factor. Prior to concluding remarks, the paper also notes the influence of exogenous factors, in particular, major crises. Finally, the paper provides concluding remarks.
From the Paper "Political coalitions and cleavages could form based on factoral, sectoral or firm based interests. Ronald Rogowski (1989) grounds his analysis in the Stolper-Samuelson model to argue that factors that gain and lose from international trade flows form distinct political coalitions that mark the political cleavages domestically. Therefore the level of trade, given endowments of labor, land and capital, generate predictable shifts in the domestic political cleavages. Jeffry Frieden (1991) and Peter Gourevitch (1986) provide specific factor models in which coalitions are based on sectors rather than factors of production. Politics will pit towards cleavages such as those between producers of nontradables and tradables or multinational and national firms. Coalitions can also rest on firm interests and their convergence with one another. Helen Milner (1988) argues that different degrees of export dependence by firms affect preferences towards international foreign policies."
Abstract The paper relates that since the enactment of Vietnam's "doi moi" policy for economic renovation in 1986, Vietnamese authorities have enacted structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries. The paper discusses, however, how Vietnam faces several labor challenges including income disparity, inflation and an insufficient infrastructure. The paper presents recommendations for Vietnam's economicpolicies.
From the Paper "Vietnam maintains a fairly even balance of trade with exports of $39.92 billion in 2006 and imports of $39.16 billion (The World Factbook). The industrial and construction sectors make up forty percent of Vietnam's economy. The service industry makes up another thirty-eight percent while agriculture makes up the remaining twenty-two percent. The growth rate of agriculture is slowing while the industrial and construction sectors are experiencing increased growth. Vietnam's economic expansion is large due to the exports of apparel to the United States which increase more than three times in 2003 over 2002. (Vietnam's economic growth accelerates, 2006)."
