Abstract
This paper examines one particular economic model, the aggregate supply-aggregate demand model, both as an abstract economic model and as a way of helping to predict in a rational fashion the direction that the U.S. economy may be taking in the future.

From the Paper
"Those of us who are not economists may tend to think of such terms as "aggregate supply" or even "recession" as vaguely incantatory words that conjure up not ways to describe rational if complex (and therefore in many ways unpredictable) process but the dark arts of sorcery. But while economics is certainly not a precise natural science like chemistry (because the phenomenon involved are both so complicated and so subject to change because of different historical influences), it is of course a rational methodology through which to explain the ways in which various resources flow through the human community."

Tags:currency, model, supply, demand, good, services, economy, labor, fiscal, policy

Abstract
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 sought to end the monopoly that once existed in the telecommunications industry. Since its adoption, the telecommunications industry has been undergoing a period of rapid change and development. The entry of new players into the market encouraged them to seek new ways to attract and keep customers. The paper shows that these changes have led to a rapid influx of new technology and services. Many times what defines a monopoly is not clear in every circumstance and there are many pending lawsuits for violations of antitrust laws in the courts today. The paper explains that economic models are useful in resolving issues of whether a monopoly truly exists, or whether claims are unsubstantiated. Previous models were applicable only in certain situations. These models are unreliable in predicting monopolies outside the parameters for which they were designed. This research develops and tests an economic model that accurately predicts the existence of a monopoly in the telecommunications sector. The paper includes tables and figures.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Rationale for Study
Scope of Problem
Statement of Hypothesis and Research Questions
Chapter 2: Literature Review
The Telecommunications Industry
Economic Models of a Monopoly
Michael Porter and Monopolies and Clusters
Knowledge Engineering in Relation to Monopolies and Business
Intelligence Applied to Monopolies
Chapter 3: Methodology
Database of Study and Data-Gathering Method
Sample Population
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Findings and Conclusions

From the Paper
"Even a casual review of its circumstances today makes it quickly apparent that the telecommunications industry is a complex entity and there are multiple sub-industries within the primary industry. The telecommunications industry has gone from a relatively pure monopoly to an attempted competition, and now it is questionable as to whether it is gravitating towards a monopoly again. In addition, there are now more products and services available. The market is no longer comprised of one market. There is a long-distance market, a local service market, and a cell phone and wireless market. All of these markets have different characteristics and the previously existing models fail to useful in all areas of the telecommunications industry."

Tags:MCI, WorldCom, Sprint, Bell, duopoly, HHI

Abstract
This paper compares the and contrasts the East Asian miracle economies of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. It further weighs the commonalities between these national economies in order to determine whether there is an economic model that can be transferred to other societies. The conclusion this paper reaches, is that there is not, as the differences are too great and even the commonalities are obsolete in the new global economy.

Tags:comparative, economic, model

Abstract
This paper analyzes how the Telecommunications Act of 1996 sought to end the monopoly that once existed in the telecommunications industry. Since its adoption, the telecommunications industry has been undergoing a period of rapid change and development. The entry of new players into the market encouraged them to seek new ways to attract and keep customers. These changes have led to a rapid influx of new technology and services. Many times what defines a monopoly is not clear in every circumstance and there are many pending lawsuits for violations of Anti-trust laws in the courts today. Economic models are useful in resolving issues of whether a monopoly truly exists, or whether claims are unsubstantiated. Previous models were applicable only in certain situations. These models are unreliable in predicting monopolies outside the parameters for which they were designed. This research evaluates and analyzes economic models that could accurately predict the existence of a monopoly in the Telecommunications sector.

Introduction
Rationale for Study
Scope of Problem
Statement of Hypothesis and Research Questions
Literature Review
Methodology
Sample Population
Data Analysis
Findings
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The telecommunications industry is important and considered a vital part of our everyday lives. The telecommunications industry represents only a small portion of the country's Gross Domestic Product, only 1-2% (Stigiltz, 1998). While this amount may seem insignificant, the services that it provides are vital to every other sector in the economy. Telecommunications is the backbone of many other sectors.
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 is one of the most highly debated topics in economics. There are some that say that it has been ineffective and that we now have a monopoly again, as a result of mergers and acquisitions. There are others who say that it has had the intended result, but that the movement towards a competitive marketplace does not happen overnight. Poulson (1997) believes that achieving a fair market in Colorado will not be immediate and will take some time. There are others who believe that it is working in some cases and not working in others. Alaska is moving towards a more competitive marketplace on a local level. Rural communities often have a localized monopoly as there are not enough customers to attract competition (APUC, 1997).
Michael Porter states that "Paradoxically, the enduring competitive advantages in a global economy lie increasingly in local things - knowledge, relationships, and motivation that distant rivals cannot match (Porter, 1998). He is referring to what is known as clusters, which he defines as one place of unusual competitive success in particular fields. Examples of clusters can be found across industries and around the globe. Examples of clusters include Silicon Valley, Hollywood, the California Wine Valley and the Italian Leather Fashion sector.
Clusters can be characterized by the interconnected network of suppliers, service providers and producers who are geographically aligned and who have positive dependencies and cooperation with one another. Alfred Marshall's Principles of Economics points out that location based clusters that conduct specific types of business and economic activities form based on the sharing of "tacit" knowledge among business participants. (Krugman, 1991) The success of a cluster depends not only on what operating strategy firms employ, but also on the surrounding business environment. Clusters differ from the traditional definition of a monopoly in that competition and cooperation are vital to the success of the business. According to Porter, there are three overarching ways that clusters influence competition:
1.Productivity of companies is increased by the dynamics of a cluster.
2.Clusters tend to direct the pace of innovation through competition and cooperation.
3.Clusters actually support the growth of new business - each individual business can benefit from the scale of the cluster."

Tags:monopoly, market, sectors, wireless, teledensity, revenue, telecom, network

Abstract
This paper uses the example of the increasing monopolization of the telecommunications industry to demonstrate the need for economic models that can help resolve issues of monopolization. The paper describes the purpose of economic models, the different types of models, and some of the factors and data that the models consider.

Outline
An Agent-Based Economic Model
Telecommunications market structure, development, and impact studies
Demand analysis and forecasting studies, modeling
Service and Network Cost Studies and Models
Comparative tariff, policy, and market analysis
Tariff Model -- International Comparisons
OECD Basket Comparisons of Telephone Services Charges - August 1997
Multivariable Regression
The Classical Model
The Classical Model of Production and Employment
Labor Demand
Labor Supply
Equilibrium
Aggregate Supply and Demand
Loanable Funds
Taxes on Labor Income
Animal Spirits
The Keynesian IS/LM Model
Tax Model (The Simple Keynesian Model)
Paradox of Thrift
The Mundell-Fleming Model
Real Business Cycles
The IS/MP Model

From the Paper
"With the agressive deregulation in the telecommunications industry in the United States and Europe during the early to mid-1990's, it seemed that the local monopolies would be forced to unbundle their networks. However, MCI WorldCom, the second largest US long distance telecommunications company, announced in October 1999, that it would acquire Sprint, the third largest US long distance company, in the biggest corporate takeover in history. The merger is valued at $129 billion in cash, stock and debt. The resulting firm will be second only to AT&T in the US telecommunications industry, a company with, as of 1999, $65 billion in annual revenue, 142,000 workers and 40 million business and residential customers (McGaughlin, 1999)."

Tags:at&t, monopoly, telecommunications, deregulation, act, agent-based, classical, keynesian

Abstract
This paper examines how it is generally believed that the more the economy grows or slows down, the more all voters reward or punish the incumbent party for improving or worsening their economic situation and how presidential approval ratings often drive the results of the economic models of voting. It looks at how these approval ratings are typically conceptualized as capturing both non-economic factors and other economic factors beyond near-election economic growth. It discuss two major economic models, the competency and low-cost of voting, both of which show how economic outcomes may affect party choice.

From the Paper
"It is logical to expect public support for the EU, as a relatively new political system, to be more responsive to short-run policy outcomes than is public support for political institutions in mature democracies. In other words, EU institutions might not benefit from broad legitimacy. Thus, the European publics have a tendency to blame EU institutions rather than policy-makers for short-run policy failures. However, even if this is the case, only a weak theoretical connection exists between EU policy and domestic economic performance (Palmer 1995). Until very recently, the EU was responsible for neither fiscal nor monetary policies. And while EU membership represents a constraint on national economic policies, historically, this effect has been indirect."

Tags:eu, elections, policy

From the Paper
" Thailand's Economic Crisis and the
"Triangle of Impossibility" Economic Model

Introduction
The "Triangle of Impossibility" economic model theorizes that it is dangerous, if not impossible for a small economy to maintain three desirable (politically) yet contradictory national goals. When it does, the end result is a macroeconomic crisis like the one currently going on in Thailand today (Na Thalang, 1997, 14). The three paths that Thailand is pursuing, suggests Na Thalang, are a fixed foreign exchange regime, free capital movement, and an independent monetary policy. After a brief economic snapshot of Thailand, these three divergent paths will be explored to determine if: A) the theory is valid, and B) if it.."

Abstract
The paper relates that in an increasingly globalized marketplace, understanding the forces at play has become more challenging than ever before. The paper examines the Mundell-Fleming model that provides analysts with a framework in which the impact of the behavior of international markets on national economies can be investigated. The paper identifies some of the limitations of the Mundell-Fleming model through a review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature.

Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In an increasingly globalized marketplace, understanding the forces at play has become more challenging that ever before. Fortunately, economists have some useful tools at their disposal to help them make sense of things, with one of these being the Mundell-Fleming model. All of the models share in common the fact that they are better suited for some purposes than others, and the Mundell-Fleming model is no exception."

Tags:international, market, economies, fiscal, policies

Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of making changes on a closed-economy IS-LM model, first by testing government spending shock, then monetary policy shock The paper finds that a government-spending shock tends to have a positive effect on aspects of the consumer economy, increasing consumer spending, increasing private saving, and in general has an expansionary effect, while an increase in the money supply can have a similar effect.

From the Paper
"A government-spending shock tends to have a positive effect on aspects of the consumer economy, increasing consumer spending, increasing private saving, and in general has an expansionary effect. Government spending increases the marginal utility of spending. In terms of consumer behavior, habit formation keeps the system operating in a relatively steady way with a slight increase in spending and saving, as noted, though over a longer period of time, the effect would be increased. It is not clear of the effect is because of a crowding-in effect or some other force. Though the crowding-in effect is usually considered the solution. The government spending shock in this instance stands at 0.20 percentage points of government consumption. A government spending shock is a demand shock and has the effect of increasing desired consumer behavior based on the fact that the model used for analysis is a static model."

Tags:economy, government, spending

Abstract
This paper explains that, beginning in the early 1990s, India began to redirect its political and economic apparatus towards a more free-market orientation, which has resulted in a cycle of remarkable growth and expansion. The author points out that, beginning in 1991, political leaders ended the traditional License Raj economic model, which resulted in monopolistic behavior and stifled foreign direct investment. The paper relates that some of India's economic expansion has been attributed to its insistence on expanding public expenditures within the market. The author points out that India deems all public expenditure to be development related and views this type of investment as a requirement rather than a socially driven discretionary investment. The paper reports that a value added tax (VAT), other tax code adjustments and a fully convertible currency were introduced.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Initial Reforms
Market Liberalization
Current Economic Status

From the Paper
"The country's revenue expenditures have increased across some spending segments by as much as 400% between 1990 and 2004 and this spending has continued to fuel economic growth. These large spending and investment packages are achievable because of the market reforms made during 1991. While much of India's population that exceeds 1b individuals is classified as impoverished, it still represents one of the largest tax bases in the world after China. Such a large potential tax base was going relatively untouched until 1991 when the tax codes and collection apparatus procedures were also reformed."

Tags:free-market, license raj economic model, public expenditure, currency, tax