Abstract
This paper examines what must be done, as VoIP moves away from the early adopter to an early majority market stage, by incumbents, mobile operators, cable companies and ISPs in order to find ways to turn VoIP from a threat into an opportunity. The author reports that the instruments used for this study include interviews, referrals and consultation feedback, which includes a Web-based survey. The paper discovers that broadband development has led to a situation in which the moratorium in the Netherlands Antilles puts national long-distance licensees at a disadvantage.

Table of Contents:
VOIP Economic Impact Study
Introduction
Approach
Interpretation
Phase 2 Approach
Work Planning
Subject Areas
Planning
Regulation and VOIP
Introduction
Services
To Regulate or not to Regulate?
Market Situation of Packet-Switched Telephony Services
Markets and Regulation
Traffic Market
Access Market
Technology
Introduction
Investments and Operational Costs of Local Networks
Broadband Connections
Mobile UMTS
Benefit Segmentation
Electricity Companies and Cable TV Networks
Information Gathering
Introduction
Action Plan
Research
information Gathering
Definitions of Certain Terms Relevant to this Research.
Judgments About
Price
Comparison of Broadband Tariffs
BEP Calculation, Changeover from Dialup to Broadband
Quality
Broadband
Market Operation
Remedies
Conclusions and Recommendations
Market Development
Introduction
Supply Side
Network Providers
service Providers
Position of Incumbents
Position of Newcomers
Accessibility of Network Incumbent
Moratorium
Tariffs
Solutions
Demand Side
Private Market
Telecommunications Networks
Development
Present Networks
Economic Impact
Introduction
Cost of NGN
Prices
End-user Tariffs
Interconnection Tariffs
Revenues
Macroeconomic Impact
Scenarios
Present Situation
Conclusion
Infrastructure Competition
Service Competition
Decision Points
Lifting the Moratorium on Local Telecommunications Infrastructure
Licence
Expansion of the Portfolio of Access Services
Linking of Networks to One Another
Recommendations Relating to the Ordinance
Effect on Revenues of BT&P

From the Paper
"The term, "broadband," comes from the words, "broad bandwidth," and is used to describe a high-capacity, two-way link between an end user and access network suppliers that are capable of supporting full-motion, interactive video applications. Broadband is also the term that is used to describe ICT-infrastructures with a very large capacity. In this context, bandwidth considerations mean that implementing VoIP is not as straightforward as deploying other types of network applications."

Tags:licensees, broadband, telecommunications, investment, survey

Abstract
The paper reveals that whatever the cause for immigration, the fruits of immigrant labor have benefited, and will continue to benefit, the American economy. The paper looks at some of the foreign-born Americans who helped change the U.S. economy. The paper also examines the assertion that the flood of poorly educated, non-English speaking hordes from Mexico, Central and South America drain welfare rolls, healthcare and education facilities and shows how immigrants can cause a financial burden to American taxpayers. The paper concludes, however, that immigration is not so much an ethnic problem, nor a religious, health or educational one; it is an economic issue since we need the immigrants to do the hard and unpleasant tasks American citizens will not do. The paper strongly believes that the debate on immigration should not be concerned with anything other than the economic impact immigrants make on the nation as a whole.

From the Paper
"We are a nation of immigrants. Except for Native Americans, everything that has built up the United States was created, imagined, built or developed by immigrants or their descendants. Some people may feel differently about Emma Lazarus' inscription on the Statue of Liberty: "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free..." The idea of America was to provide a haven, a means of finding equal opportunity, not merely to become wards of the state and spend a lifetime and following generations, living on tax-payer welfare. Even among today's most widely debated immigration activity- illegals crossing over from Mexico- their reason for coming is economic: they want jobs, and often find the kind of jobs most Americans don't want."

Tags:Hispanics, illegals, wages, taxpayers, labor, welfare

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that as the war in Iraq continues, determining the effect of the war on the United States economy is somewhat difficult. In addition, the writer points out that there are several complicating factors, such as the war in Afghanistan, domestic unease with the President that is not solely linked to war-time issues and the fact that the U.S. is still struggling to recover financially and emotionally from a devastating terrorist attack, which make it difficult to isolate the war's impact on the economy. However, while long-term economic consequences cannot yet be determined, there are many short-term economic consequences that appear linked to the Iraq war. The writer concludes that the only real question left unresolved is whether an eventual total victory for the United States in Iraq would place the U.S. in the position to recoup some of the economic losses it incurred during the war.

From the Paper
"Furthermore, Byczkowski pointed to some significant differences between the war in Iraq and previous wars that might keep Iraq from having a stimulating effect on the American economy. First, he pointed out that military spending was much higher in previous wars than in the Iraq war. Therefore, the full employment enjoyed during World War I, World War II, the Korean war, and the Vietnam War, would probably not be duplicated unless the Federal government was willing to commit the same percentage of resources to wartime spending. Instead, as of 2003, many economists believed that it would be better to compare the economic effect of the war in Iraq to the experience of the Gulf War of 1990, which led to a temporary increase in oil prices and a temporary decrease in consumer spending. However, there are significant differences between the Gulf War and the war in Iraq, primarily in duration and chances of success, which make this comparison dubious, at best."

Tags:economy, wartime, military, oil

Abstract
This paper gives an analysis of the economic impact of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 on the United States economy and the ensuing war on terror. Additionally, it presents GDP data. The paper concludes by addressing the devastating impact on the city of New York.

From the Paper
"The devastation wrought by the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001 have had a profound and lasting effect on the United States economy. While economists have argued over the exact extent of the damage sustained by the American economy, they are all arguing over measures of effect. Nobody denies the fact that the American economy has taken a large hit. This paper will present a brief overview of the economic costs of and the ensuing war on terror. Before the terrorist attacks of September2001, the United..."

Tags:economic, impact, september 11, united states, war on terror, GDP, New York

Abstract
This paper explains that the gambling industry is associated with large sums of money, which might be one of the top five revenue sources for certain states and is an important source of income to many Native American tribes that operate casinos located on their land. The author points out that the gaming association is a very powerful lobby, which wants to introduce legalized gambling into every state. The author relates that most studies show the economic impact in a positive light, but a careful perusal of the hidden costs show that maybe the economic impact of gaming in the long run does not meet the expectations. Tables.

From the Paper
"The American Gaming Association, in their website (www.americangaming.org) reports that there are more than 433 land-based, river-based and racetrack casinos scattered throughout eleven states. The gaming associations claim that they bring huge revenues to the state in the order of several billion dollars. In addition, gaming also provides the states strapped for cash with much needed revenues from state taxes from a nationwide low of 6.25 in Nevada to a high of 35 per cent in the state of Illinois. These huge sums of money did not include the numerous smaller casinos whose gross annual revenues were one million dollars or less."

Tags:indian, state, lottery, employment, casino

Abstract
This paper discusses the economic impact of the Mexican peso crisis that occurred in 1994. It describes the events that led up to the devaluation of the peso and the impact of the development of the crisis. The paper then discusses the rescue package to bailout the failing economy and describes the impact that the crisis had on the world at large.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review and Theory
Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The pesos continued downgrading raised questions about Mexico's ability to service the short-term foreign currency denominated debt. The Washington consensus feared that Mexico would declare foreign debt moratorium or re-impose trade and exchange restrictions after NAFTA had been signed, which may have spread contagion to other member countries. Thus, in February 1995, they provided financial rescue package to Mexico for debt restructuring. The financial rescue package totaled $48.8 billion. The IMF stand-by credit of $17.8 billion was the largest ever both in terms of absolute amount and in relation to Mexico's holding in the Fund. The financial rescue package was provided conditional upon a stringent adjustment program designed to collaborate with the International Monetary Fund. The rescue loans allowed Mexico to swap the short-term financial obligations to mid to long-term. Due to the financial rescue package, Mexico's external total debt rose from 38.3 % of GDP in 1994 to 69.1% in 1995. Even though IMF has been criticized for its improper policies and procedures and ignorant handling of bailouts, the Mexican government was influenced in terms world organizations due to the peso crisis of the 90s."

Tags:NAFTA, devaluation, currency, exchange

Abstract
This paper examines the economic impact of the World Trade Center attack. It argues that the macroeconomic consequences have been limited. Specific firms and market segments have been affected but overall its impact has been much less than initially predicted.

Abstract
This paper reviews the current meaning of identity theft and explores issues surrounding the crime such as the economic impact of online identity theft. The paper presents research on the various institutions that are culpable in identity theft, discusses whether the consumer, private institutions of the government is responsible for controlling the crime, and offers a review of the history of the crime as well as past and current legislation. The paper finds that consumers must not rely on governments or corporations for protection against identity theft, but rather must take steps to protect themselves.

From the Paper
"Another reason is the multi-jurisdictional nature of the problem regarding the quite often substantial difference between the location of the crime and the criminal. The crime may be committed upon an individual who resides in the United States while the criminal may be in a completely different part of the world and in a country that has no extradition agreement with the US (Jacobson & Green, 2002, p. 275). This will of course require cooperation between governments far beyond the usual means in order to facilitate the capture and prosecution of these particular cyber criminals."

Tags:government regulation, currency, jurisdiction, cyber crime

Abstract
Voice over internet protocol (VoIP) is a viable technology for significantly decreasing communications costs while increasing the agility and responsiveness possible in serving customers. The intent of this paper is to provide an overview of how VoIPs' economic benefits and unique approach to capitalizing on the Internet make this communication technology a long-term viable competitor to public switch telephone network (PSTN). It also contends that VoIP is forcing change in the voice and data communications industries, benefiting both consumers and businesses in the process by forcing PSTN-based providers to be more aggressive on their pricing and free structures.

Outline:
Introduction
The Fundamentals of VOIP
VOIP Market Dynamics
Uses of VoIP
VOIP Competing Technologies and their Impact on the Enterprise
Potential Areas of Improvement for VOIP
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The dominant competing technology to VoIP is Plain Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), which is the dominant installed technology in use throughout the majority of businesses and residences for both voice and data communication. PSTN began as an analog-based technology that relied on circuit-switched telephone networks. These circuit-switched networks form the foundation for how the Internet functions today using Internet Packet based Switching networks today. PSTN also was originally designed as a fixed-line telephone system, which is significantly different than the approach VoIP uses of multi-routing throughout switching networks to complete a call. Having originally begun as an analog-based technology, the majority of U.S.-based PSTN networks are digitally based, making clarity, speed, accuracy and asynchronous communication possible. PSTNs' legacy system installations and evolution to digital communication, in addition to the stability of the technology itself have led businesses to continue using this technology as their communication standard. "

Tags:PSTN, data, integrity, telephone