Abstract This paper studies the economicimpact of apartheid in South Africa between 1948 and 1991. It looks at post war economic problems and the rise of the National Party, its ruthless enforcement of apartheid and South Africa as one of the most unequal countries in the world.
From the Paper "This sent shock waves through the white community particularly among white South Africans in the lowest economic strata who feared that companies would replace them with lower wage earning Black workers. This resulted in a knee jerk reaction among the all-white electorate. According to Stephen Lewis this reaction resulted in the surprise election victory ..."
Tags:Economicimpact, apartheid, south africa, mandella, anc, sanctions, united nations, national party, poverty, minority, majority
Abstract This paper attempts to estimate what the real total economic cost of the Vietnam War was to the United States. The paper concludes that a reasonable estimate of the economicimpact of the Vietnam War on the American economy is that an entire year's worth of productive activity was used to fight the war.
From the Paper "The Vietnam War was the defining experience for a generation of Americans. Indeed, it is arguably one of the defining experiences of America as a whole in the Twentieth Century. Its impact on the men who fought there, the men (and women) who did not, the American military in general, American society and popular culture during and following the war has been well documented. However, it was not just a life changing experience for soldiers and protestors, or a force for social change, or even an inspiration for thousands of books and dozens of movies. War is not least an economic event. In addition to being a military defeat, a political blunder and a human tragedy, the Vietnam War was also an economic disaster."
A dissertation to study the economicimpact on the Netherlands Antilles of the liberalization of the fixed telecommunication infrastructure in connection with the voice over Internet protocol (VOIP).
Abstract This paper examines what must be done, as VoIP moves away from the early adopter to an early majority market stage, by incumbents, mobile operators, cable companies and ISPs in order to find ways to turn VoIP from a threat into an opportunity. The author reports that the instruments used for this study include interviews, referrals and consultation feedback, which includes a Web-based survey. The paper discovers that broadband development has led to a situation in which the moratorium in the Netherlands Antilles puts national long-distance licensees at a disadvantage.
Table of Contents:
VOIPEconomicImpact Study
Introduction
Approach
Interpretation
Phase 2 Approach
Work Planning
Subject Areas
Planning
Regulation and VOIP Introduction
Services
To Regulate or not to Regulate?
Market Situation of Packet-Switched Telephony Services
Markets and Regulation
Traffic Market
Access Market
Technology
Introduction
Investments and Operational Costs of Local Networks
Broadband Connections
Mobile UMTS
Benefit Segmentation
Electricity Companies and Cable TV Networks
Information Gathering
Introduction
Action Plan
Research
information Gathering
Definitions of Certain Terms Relevant to this Research.
Judgments About
Price
Comparison of Broadband Tariffs
BEP Calculation, Changeover from Dialup to Broadband
Quality
Broadband
Market Operation
Remedies
Conclusions and Recommendations
Market Development
Introduction
Supply Side
Network Providers
service Providers
Position of Incumbents
Position of Newcomers
Accessibility of Network Incumbent
Moratorium
Tariffs
Solutions
Demand Side
Private Market
Telecommunications Networks
Development
Present Networks
EconomicImpact Introduction
Cost of NGN
Prices
End-user Tariffs
Interconnection Tariffs
Revenues
Macroeconomic Impact Scenarios
Present Situation
Conclusion
Infrastructure Competition
Service Competition
Decision Points
Lifting the Moratorium on Local Telecommunications Infrastructure
Licence
Expansion of the Portfolio of Access Services
Linking of Networks to One Another
Recommendations Relating to the Ordinance
Effect on Revenues of BT&P
From the Paper "The term, "broadband," comes from the words, "broad bandwidth," and is used to describe a high-capacity, two-way link between an end user and access network suppliers that are capable of supporting full-motion, interactive video applications. Broadband is also the term that is used to describe ICT-infrastructures with a very large capacity. In this context, bandwidth considerations mean that implementing VoIP is not as straightforward as deploying other types of network applications."
Abstract This paper discusses an empirical economicimpact model based on market research at the community and municipality level. The writer discusses the belief that communities and municipalities require effective economicimpact models in order to adequately build and estimate budgets as well as to plan for future development needs. The writer proposes a community based cooperative action program that emphasizes a three component economic analysis model.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Impact Model Applicability
EconomicImpact Analysis
EconomicImpact Component
Community Impact Component
Fiscal Impact Component
Three Phase Process
Conclusion
From the Paper "The contemporary economic climate ensures that communities require ready and immediate access to information that allows them to respond more effectively to economic volatility. Community leaders as well as citizens within the community constantly are required to make decisions that impact various aspects of the community, such as business growth, dimensions of traditional industry activities, land use issues, and a host of other common community concerns (Gibbs 18). The growing observation is that all these issues and more also impact the overall economic indicators within communities as well which consist of employment/unemployment concerns, income issues such as poverty or affordable housing, or the demand for expanded public services. In researching these issues it becomes vital to identify the particular issue or problem which allows both the researcher and the community leader the ability to better address such issues specifically (Green, et al 6). Thus, developing effective economic models relies on cooperation between both researcher and, in effect, the researched."
Abstract This paper explores the perception that the economic price of the Iraq war that is being paid is not worthwhile with regard to the expected economic and political outcomes. The paper discusses the growing consensus of opinion, which is strongly supported by leading economists like Joseph Stiglitz, that the economic costs and impact of the war have been grossly underestimated by the present administration. The paper relates the predicted costs for troop withdrawals, military expenditures and weakened economic growth. The paper shows how Stiglitz points out that even the present official estimates of the economicimpact of the war do not include less obvious and far-reaching costs that can have a future effect on the economy, such as lifetime disability and health care costs for army veterans.
Outline:
Introduction
Iraq and the economy
Conclusion
From the Paper "The overall effect of the Iraq war on the American economy can be initially estimated by taking the following figures into account. "The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, a nonpartisan Washington think tank, has estimated that the Korean War cost about $430 billion and the Vietnam War cost about $600 billion, in current dollars. According to the latest estimates, the cost of the war in Iraq could exceed $700 billion." (Sterngold, James) These figures for Iraq are however extremely conservative in terms of other more wide-ranging and contemporary assessment of the costs of the war."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that with the advent of globalization has come the realization that many of the issues traditionally viewed as national concerns have their international implications. The writer notes that climate change has been an enduring issue of concern since the discovery of the ozone layer depletion and its subsequent effects to ecosystems in the early 20th century. The writer discusses the economicimpacts of climate change that affects individuals and industries and concludes that there is a realization that climate change has an impact directly and indirectly to the state of economics, policies and social development nationally and internationally.
From the Paper "One of the best illustrations of climate change related tradeoffs and marginal choices is the Kyoto Protocol. The agreement recognizes that industries have their environmental costs and gives incentives to countries that will be able to function below the CO2 and CH4 production allocations. Though the effort has been seen to be one of the most cohesive global efforts to reduce emissions, some have pointed out that measures only motivate countries to falsehoods on their CO2 and CH4 production. Bohan believes that though these measures control industries' impact to the climate, they do not aid in addressing existing climate problems. Considering the cumulative impact individual environmental issue to climate change, there is concern that marginal efforts to alleviate climate change do not impact climate conditions. Coupled with other economic issues, some analysts believe that existing measures are not able to deter the impact of climate-related issues regardless of the perspectives used to evaluate the issue."
Tags: weather, conditions, ozone, layer, temperature
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that as the war in Iraq continues, determining the effect of the war on the United States economy is somewhat difficult. In addition, the writer points out that there are several complicating factors, such as the war in Afghanistan, domestic unease with the President that is not solely linked to war-time issues and the fact that the U.S. is still struggling to recover financially and emotionally from a devastating terrorist attack, which make it difficult to isolate the war's impact on the economy. However, while long-term economic consequences cannot yet be determined, there are many short-term economic consequences that appear linked to the Iraq war. The writer concludes that the only real question left unresolved is whether an eventual total victory for the United States in Iraq would place the U.S. in the position to recoup some of the economic losses it incurred during the war.
From the Paper "Furthermore, Byczkowski pointed to some significant differences between the war in Iraq and previous wars that might keep Iraq from having a stimulating effect on the American economy. First, he pointed out that military spending was much higher in previous wars than in the Iraq war. Therefore, the full employment enjoyed during World War I, World War II, the Korean war, and the Vietnam War, would probably not be duplicated unless the Federal government was willing to commit the same percentage of resources to wartime spending. Instead, as of 2003, many economists believed that it would be better to compare the economic effect of the war in Iraq to the experience of the Gulf War of 1990, which led to a temporary increase in oil prices and a temporary decrease in consumer spending. However, there are significant differences between the Gulf War and the war in Iraq, primarily in duration and chances of success, which make this comparison dubious, at best."
This paper discusses the economic effects of gambling. Sociological ramifications are only considered as they have direct or indirect consequences on the economy at the local, state, and national levels.
Abstract This paper explains that the gambling industry is associated with large sums of money, which might be one of the top five revenue sources for certain states and is an important source of income to many Native American tribes that operate casinos located on their land. The author points out that the gaming association is a very powerful lobby, which wants to introduce legalized gambling into every state. The author relates that most studies show the economicimpact in a positive light, but a careful perusal of the hidden costs show that maybe the economicimpact of gaming in the long run does not meet the expectations. Tables.
From the Paper "The American Gaming Association, in their website (www.americangaming.org) reports that there are more than 433 land-based, river-based and racetrack casinos scattered throughout eleven states. The gaming associations claim that they bring huge revenues to the state in the order of several billion dollars. In addition, gaming also provides the states strapped for cash with much needed revenues from state taxes?from a nationwide low of 6.25 in Nevada to a high of 35 per cent in the state of Illinois. These huge sums of money did not include the numerous smaller casinos whose gross annual revenues were one million dollars or less."
Abstract This paper analyzes a survey that appeared in "The Economist," which examined the economic and social impact of the legalization of drugs around the world. It focuses on the microeconomic effects legalization would have and analyzes data presented in the survey using tools and methods that are taught at intermediate level economics classes. This paper examines the effects of legalization on price, demand, consumption and distribution.
From the Paper "Regardless of the moral or political positions one takes on the use or trade of illicit substances, one has to appreciate the complexity and the organization of the world drug trade. The drug trade is a truly global industry, as the production and distribution of illegal substances requires participation from, and relatively unmatched cooperation between, different groups from nearly every corner of the world. As impressive as the geographic scope of the drug trade is the economic prowess of the industry, which generates annual sales of somewhere between $150 and $400 billion, based on different estimates. The industry's illegitimate status also makes it one of the most dangerous in the world for those who participate at all levels, from producers to distributors, and even to consumers. The drug trade also causes enormous problems, both financially and socially, to nearly every nation involved - and not just from the questionable nature of the drugs themselves, but also because of the tactics employed by the world's most powerful governments, especially by the United States, to eliminate, curb, or otherwise control the flow of illegal substances. In the survey in The Economist, powerful arguments are presented that try to establish that the policies and enforcement strategies of the world's powers against the drug trade cause far greater harm than the industry does itself. Further, the survey argues a great deal of the problems caused by the drug industry to nations and peoples around the world are more a result of these policies and tactics than anything inherent in the industry or the substances themselves. The survey presents a number of arguments from both a social standpoint and an economic perspective as to how the United States and the rest of the world might benefit from the legalization of illicit substances. In this paper the focus will be on the economic evidence presented in the survey and its correlation with the theory of the firm and the consumer in microeconomics."
Abstract This paper examines the economicimpact of the World Trade Center attack. It argues that the macroeconomic consequences have been limited. Specific firms and market segments have been affected but overall its impact has been much less than initially predicted.
Abstract This paper discusses the economicimpact of the Mexican peso crisis that occurred in 1994. It describes the events that led up to the devaluation of the peso and the impact of the development of the crisis. The paper then discusses the rescue package to bailout the failing economy and describes the impact that the crisis had on the world at large.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review and Theory
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "The pesos continued downgrading raised questions about Mexico's ability to service the short-term foreign currency denominated debt. The Washington consensus feared that Mexico would declare foreign debt moratorium or re-impose trade and exchange restrictions after NAFTA had been signed, which may have spread contagion to other member countries. Thus, in February 1995, they provided financial rescue package to Mexico for debt restructuring. The financial rescue package totaled $48.8 billion. The IMF stand-by credit of $17.8 billion was the largest ever both in terms of absolute amount and in relation to Mexico's holding in the Fund. The financial rescue package was provided conditional upon a stringent adjustment program designed to collaborate with the International Monetary Fund. The rescue loans allowed Mexico to swap the short-term financial obligations to mid to long-term. Due to the financial rescue package, Mexico's external total debt rose from 38.3 % of GDP in 1994 to 69.1% in 1995. Even though IMF has been criticized for its improper policies and procedures and ignorant handling of bailouts, the Mexican government was influenced in terms world organizations due to the peso crisis of the 90s."
Abstract Most authors have argued that the Asian financial crisis has been the worst economic crisis the world has experienced since the Great Depression of the 1930s. This paper will focus on the affects that Asian recovery might have on the American economy.
Tags:ECONOMICS / INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS, impact asian recovery
Abstract A paper on the economicimpact of the 09/11/01 tragedy. The paper explains that a global economy requires openness and speed, whereas increased security often entails putting up barriers and walls.
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that illegal immigration is one of the biggest controversies and highly debated issue in the United States of America. The writer maintains that the impact of illegal immigration on the U.S economy is omnipresent with the U.S economy falling while emerging economies are making significant progress. The writer notes that many economists believe that the illegal immigration into America is a kind of economic war being waged against the Americans. The law makers and the officials in the Government have taken notice of the growing impact of illegal immigrants on the U.S economy and have taken steps to amend the existing laws so as to prevent illegal immigrants from entering the United States of America. The writer discusses that apart from the economicimpact, illegal immigration has brought with it other social, religious and security problems. The writer looks at the different faces of illegal immigration and its effects on Americans.
Outline:
Introduction
Illegal immigrants
Modes of Entry
Origin of Illegal Immigrants in America
Impact of Illegal Immigration
EconomicImpact Numerical Data to Support the EconomicImpact Other Faces of Illegal Immigration
Security Issues and Costs
Education and Medical Care Costs
Environment Degradation
Crimes Committed by Illegal Immigrants
Conclusion
From the Paper "One of the most profound impacts is the decrease in the wages of low skilled workers in America. Jobs that Americans refuse to take because of lower wages are now being taken up by illegal immigrants. This has resulted in unemployment among the Americans. American companies often prefer foreign workers who work harder for a lesser pay than the American citizens. This has lead to improper distribution of income and increased the gap between the rich and poor American citizens. Another reason why the American companies prefer foreign employees is both the employer and employee can easily escape from paying taxes to the Government. The undocumented workers do not pay their taxes. In the case of American employees the taxes are deducted from their pay roll. Although illegal immigrants increase the profits for their employers they hurt the American taxpayers. Since most of the illegal immigrants have low educational qualification and low skill level they are most employed for lower wages in poor working condition mostly in underworld economies. Hence the illegal immigrants easily evade the payment of taxes without their knowledge."
Abstract This paper aims to compare and contrast the current literature on the topic of the impact of events on the host area/country. It analyses both positive and negative impacts from different aspects, namely economic, social and cultural, physical and environmental and political. It develops further to weigh up the evidence and evaluates how far events can exert a positive impact.
Outline
Introduction
The Impact of Events
Tourism and EconomicImpact Social and Cultural Impacts Physical and Environmental Impacts Political Impacts Negative Impacts Conclusion
Recommendations
From the Paper "All events in some way reflect the culture of the place in which they are held. However, some events are held primarily for their cultural significance. Carnivals, heritage festivals, food festivals, and independence celebrations are examples of these types of events. Annual carnival celebrations in Trinidad and Tobago and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are well known examples of huge cultural celebrations. The nation's beliefs and traditions of many cultures have come together and for a brief five days each year, the whole country forgets their differences to celebrate life. Carnival is such an important aspect of life in Trinidad that many schools believe that sponsoring a carnival band is a way to teach young people about their roots and culture. In this way, communities work together to develop stronger friendships and greater respect for the many cultures that make up Trinidad."
