Abstract
This paper describes and analyzes the philosophical differences between deep ecologists and shallow ecologists, and how they view renewable energy. The paper also defines each and their approaches to ecology. The paper also explores the evolution of each philosophical outlook and its main principles.

From the Paper
"The main difference between deep ecology and shallow ecology is that deep ecology believes in the intrinsic value of everything on earth, human and nonhuman alike. Shallow ecology assigns value to an inhuman object in so far as it is instrumental to human ends. (Roberts) The glossary definition of shallow ecology is a critical term applied to superficial environmentalists who claim to be green but who are quick to compromise and who do little to bring about fundamental change. Shallow ecology was the dominant thought until..."

Tags:deep ecology, shallow ecology, renewable energy

Abstract
The paper relates that Arturo Escobar is a Columbian-born professor of anthropology, focusing on the burgeoning field of political ecology, an interdisciplinary study informed by the related fields of political economy and cultural ecology. The paper looks at how his scholarly work has delved into this intersection between politics and ecology and in the process has elucidated such topics as the evolution of indigenous social movements, analyses of the various constructed discourses of "development" and their implications for local populations, and the politics of such discourse in Latin America and elsewhere.

From the Paper
'Arturo Escobar is a Columbian-born professor of anthropology, focusing on the burgeoning field of political ecology, an interdisciplinary study informed by the related fields of political economy and cultural ecology. His scholarly work has delved into this intersection between politics and ecology and in the process, he has elucidated such topics as the evolution of indigenous social movements, analyses of the various constructed discourses of "development" and their implications for local populations, and the politics of such discourse in Latin America and elsewhere. Escobar is known as a critical exponent of post-development..."

Tags:escobar, ecology, globalization

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the book "The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability" by Paul Hawken. The writer discusses that Hawken examines the heated debate between business interests and ecologists, which has been and continues to be characterized by accusations and counter-accusations of irresponsibility and impracticality. "

From the Paper
"The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability was written by Paul Hawken and was published by HarperCollins in 1993. In this critically-acclaimed book about ecology and commerce written for a general audience, Hawken examines ..."

Tags:ecology, book, reviews

Abstract
The central claim of "deep ecology" is that we need to correct an anthropocentric bias in our attitudes to the nonhuman world, and in particular to extend moral concern across time and across species. This paper will examine the benefits and the shortcomings of anthropocentrism within the framework of 'deep ecology'. As well, this paper will attempt to demonstrate both the value and some of the limitations of this framework with respect to the problem of anthropocentrism.

Tags:deep, ecology

Abstract
This paper explores and details North American Indian life and culture as portrayed in Donald Hughes' book "North American Indian Ecology." This paper discusses the land issues facing the North American Indian tribes including overgrazing, erosion and assessments of appropriate land usage. The writer of this paper finds Hughes' book to be straightforward and concise in clarifying the characteristics of Indian life such as hunting, food growing and rituals.

From the Paper
"Tribes are having to mediate the disparate demands of their members and the industrial mindset of the BIA to balance forest use for economic need and preservation for cultural need. Tribes face many of the same problems as non-Native communities held hostage by the timber industry. Replanting has not always kept pace with harvesting on public or trust lands. The push to harvest old-growth timber is constrained by federal mandates to protect endangered species habitats, putting people out of work. Few local communities gain the "value-added" benefits of processing their own timber especially jobs and new businesses and when they do the environmental impact of mill sites has to be factored into any cost-benefit analysis."

Tags:ecology, land, environment, law, native, american, indian, oil, culture

Abstract
A paper on deep ecology which analyzes how it relates to environment and organisms.

Tags:deep, ecology

Abstract
This is a revision of an essay. The essay is a refutation of Mike Davis' The Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster. It discusses how Mike Davis' book is wrong and narrow-minded in his thoughts on Los Angeles, stating that every city is ill-equipped to deal with the growing needs of it's environment and populace, but L.A. is doing it's best.

From the Paper
The Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster A Review Ecology of Fear: Los Angeles and the Imagination of Disaster No major American city has a more uncertain future, both aesthetically and environmentally- than Los Angeles. An initial visit to Los Angeles might give off a certain "moon-base" feel, a sense that its inhabitants are living in a massive, well-provisioned bubble resting uncomfortably on a stunning but generally inhospitable landscape. It's almost perfect inside the bubble, which is really a pleasure dome: glorious day after glorious day; striking mountains running into beautiful beaches; every possible

Tags:los angeles, davis, ecology

Abstract
This paper examines Julian Steward's theory of cultural change, which is also referred to as cultural ecology. This is the theory that environment and culture exist in a dialectical relationship, at least with regard to resource use and production. The paper provides an overview of the theory, examples of the theory at work, and concludes with a critique of the theory's weaknesses.

From the Paper
"Perhaps it is no more than a biological necessity to find order in the world that drives the human mind to develop all manner of theories by which seemingly unrelated events can be explained. Perhaps the drive is more cultural in nature. However, if that were the case, then proponents of Julian Steward's theory of cultural ecology would no doubt attempt to explain the drive as the result of a complex interaction between cultural and environmental factors. Whatever the case on that score, it is nonetheless apparent that in all academic disciplines there is a push to develop theoretical-methodological approaches to study that can explain the nature of the discipline and also provide avenues for further research. The cultural ecological perspective is one such approach that attempts to explain the origin and development of cultural elements to interactions and adaptations..."

Tags:cultural, ecology, steward

Abstract
This paper explains that Arme Naess' philosophy of "deep ecology" encourages respect for the environment, not because humans depend on nature, but because nature and its inhabitants have inherent value. The author points out that Ramachandra Guha's ecological philosophy of "anthropocentrism" declares that all environmental responsibility is derived from human interests alone, which challenges this "deep ecology" philosophy. The paper concludes that Ramachandra Guha, who alleges that "shallow ecology" is sufficient for providing a satisfactory ethic of obligation and concern for the non-human world, is not rational; rather the concept of "deep ecology" needs to be extended especially toward non-human individuals, wilderness areas and across time and species.

From the Paper
"Assuming characteristically anthropocentric perspectives and values is a defect, we should, instead, assume a biocentric perspective. We should certainly abandon crude conceptions of human needs that equate them with the sort of needs that are satisfied by extravagant resource use. One of the problems with shallow ecology lies in anthropocentrism, specifically the fact that they are characteristically short-term, sectional, and self-regarding. Suppose that astronomers detect a modest asteroid on collision course with Earth. The impending collision would be perfectly natural. Such periodic disruptive events are natural, though they probably destroy most of the then extant large life forms. These times of renewal provide opportunities for smaller, flexible organisms to radiate opportunistically into vacated niches, and life goes on. There is little doubt that our demise would provide comparable opportunities for development that we currently prevent. Even then, we should step aside so that evolution can continue on its majestic course."

Tags:human, value, habitat, biocentric, ethic

Abstract
This paper explains that the spatial ecology theory asserts that criminal events are not randomly distributed. At every level of societal aggregation, some geographic areas record more or less crimes than others and that these crimes will have unique characteristics and features of particular to their specific location. The author relates the history, tradition and studies relating this theory to urban crime. The paper points out that the traditional spatial ecology theory emphasizes how changing ecological structures influence both stability and change in crime patterns over time and space; however, more contemporary spatial ecology theories account for temporal changes in the spatial patterning of crime and involve a wider range of concerns and quite different methodological and conceptual positions.

Table of Content:
Impact of the Chicago School on Contemporary Spatial Ecology Studies of Urban Crime
Contemporary Spatial Ecology Theories

From the Paper
"The cartographic school and other subsequent studies located high crime rates in mostly slum environments, but subsequent studies show that high amounts of crimes cluster in geographic spaces and locations that are hardly slum, such as the central business districts and affluent areas and neighborhoods of cities. The work of the cartographers and statisticians appears to have received scant attention in the second half of the nineteenth century because of the emergence of the positive school whose ideas shifted emphasis on criminality from rationality and the environment to individual pathologies."

Tags:neighbourhood, social forces, chicago vulnerabilities place-centered