Abstract
This paper uses the San Marcos Springs ecosystem and its endangered species as an example of how wildlife management and ecological restoration may seem to compliment each other but, actually they are seeking out different goals. It explains that in order to preserve the endangered native species, all of current species located in the ecosystem must be considered.

From the Paper
"Wildlife conservation and management have been called the art and science of managing wildlife species, habitats, and ecosystems for long-term human benefit. The first system of wildlife conservation was an Eastern rather than a Western idea, developed by the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (Smith 1976). Although the art of managing wildlife is centuries old, the science is relatively new and is becoming increasingly important all the time. However, science is only part of how we view and manage our wildlife resources. Social, cultural, political, and legal constraints and issues often have more to do with how wildlife resources are managed than pure science. Understanding these constraints and issues is fundamental to conservation and management. J. B. Kauffman (1997) stated that a successful ?conservation programme cannot be based on a preoccupation with saving the animal itself. Its total environment must be preserved.? This type of forward thinking helped change the idea of single species conservation and gave rise to the concept of restoration ecology."

Tags:darter, ecological, ecology, endangered, fountain, management, marcos, restoration, san, species, springs, wildlife

Abstract
In this essay, the writer looks at the matter of restoring the natural balance of the landscape. The writer discusses Robert Elliot's apparent distaste for ecological restoration in close detail throughout the first portion of this paper. This article explores the circumstances in which restoration may be considered benevolent, through careful examination of Elliot's philosophy and that of Murray Krieger. The writer concludes that in the case of restoring the natural balance of the land, one is not attempting to profit from the restoration or create a fake situation, but rather restore the original version to its original grace and glory so it can be better appreciated.

From the Paper
"Robert Elliot in his work "Faking Nature" rejects the idea that restoration ecology is useful in many instances. Elliot asserts that attempting to restore the natural ecology of the land is nothing more than an attempt to forge that which was once natural and beneficial. In this light restoring the natural ecology of the land seems nothing more than an attempt to fake that which is natural, which in and of itself promotes no intrinsic value.
Further Elliot asserts that one can not reproduce the value that original ecosystems had to offer. The field of environmental ethics proposes that the natural value of nature should be preserved rather than the value of nature purely for human purposes including survival or consumption. Under this assumption nature isn't necessarily valued by humans desiring to create artificial landscapes purely for humanistic benefits."

Tags:environment, ecology, nature, landscape

Abstract
This paper examines several of the essays compiled in Theodore Roszak's book "Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind". The paper explains that the writings compiled are on the theoretical perspectives, cultural diversity, political engagement and practices of ecopsychology. The writer defines ecopsychology as a psychology that is universally inclusive of human and non-human life, which names the ways humans have become disconnected, militant and ambivalent toward nature and develops a means to remedy the universal illness and ecological crisis. The paper concludes that not only does this book provide a foundation in ecopsychology , but it is also a great read.

From the Paper
"In Beth Roszak's essay, 'The Spirit of the Goddess', she elaborates on ecofeminism and the ways women relate their oppression in patriarchal culture to the oppression of nature. When I first learned about ecofeminism in a Women's History course several years ago I thought it was a profound and unifying ideology for the connectedness and sense of duty I felt for nature. However, after reading Roszak's essay I have come to new terms with the concept."

Tags:ecofeminism, marginalization, marketing, victim, nature

Abstract
The paper describes how fire is an important part of the coastal sage scrub habitat. The paper further discusses how frequent high intensity fires, combined with the invasion of non-native plants, may affect the habitat's ability to restore itself. The paper examines the effects of frequent high intensity fires on an area of coastal sage scrub habitat in the Voorhis Ecological Reserve, Cal Poly Pomona. The paper analyzes how fires in this area reduced the number of plant species, reduced the layers of vegetation, and opened the land to invasive exotic species that take over from local plant species. The paper concludes that the combination of frequent fires and invasive species may have increased the recovery time of the coastal sage scrub in this area.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Coastal Sage Scrub is one of the major habitats in Southern California. It is located on the coastal cliffs, plains, and foothills of the Pacific coast of Southern California and Northwestern Mexico, at elevations below 1000 feet. In many places, Coastal Sage Scrub is contingent with Annual Grassland, Coastal Oak Woodland, and Chaparral. (Becker 1988, Minnich 1983)"

Tags:california, chaparral, ecology, invasive, native, plants, southern, species

Abstract
This paper is a discussion of wetlands, including a review of their benefits in terms of water purification, flood control, groundwater recharge, habitat, and economic benefits. It includes a discussion of the restoration of wetlands in Iraq, as well as a strategy for mitigating wetland destruction through banking concepts.

From the Paper
"Wetlands are a diverse collection of landscapes loosely connected by periodic flooding as well as soils shaped by that flooding and vegetation adapted to waterlogged soils. (Meindl) On the surface these bogs, marshes, ponds and meadows may seem to many like superfluous areas that merely need to be drained so that they can be put to some useful function. However, wetlands play an important role in ecology and provide a number of benefits that many people are not acquainted with such as..."

Tags:wetlands, ecology, ecosystem, marshlands, Iraq, banking mitigation system, flood control, benefits, water purification, groundwater recharge, habitat, economic benefits

Abstract
This paper explains that Norway boasts some of the most ecologically diverse forest areas in the world and that the diversity of the topography creates prime locations for some of the most sensitive ecosystems. The author reviews Norway's five forest areas, which have been identified as being in need of management and conservation protection: Western Pine forests, Coastal rain forests, the Canyon and Humid Spruce forests, Northern Pine forests, and the Hemi-deciduous forests. The paper relates that, even though Norway has one of poorest records for ecological conservation of all the major forestry producing countries, it is not without protective legislation, for these resources such as The Forestry and Forest Protection Act, The Nature Conservation Act, and the Building and Planning Act.

Table of Contents
Review of Norway's Forests
Percentage of Land Coverage
Economic Impact of Norway's Forestry Industry
Economic Value
Exports
Primary Forestry
Secondary Forestry
Bio-Energy
Transportation
Norwegian Forestry Policies and Protection
The Forestry and Forest Protection Act
The Building and Planning Act
Norwegian Forest Restoration and Sustainability Plans

From the Paper
"The forestry industry in Norway is second only to the Norwegian fishing industry. Excluding petroleum exports, forestry products comprise 11 percent of the total exported value. In 1995, 6,180 people were employed by the lumber industry, 5,000 in forestry and another 9,000 in pulp and paper industries. These numbers would increase even more if transportation and other ancillary functions related to the timber industry were included in the employment statistics. The high degree, to which Norway relies on forestry and forestry related industries, opens the country up to vast amounts of international competition."

Tags:afforestation, over-used, living, sustainability, coniferous

Abstract
This paper reviews the impact that global warming has on human communities and ecosystems, and how it represents a great challenge for the entire planet. The paper reports that specialists recommend we try to find alternative sources of energy, and meanwhile, use less of the fossil-fuel energy. The paper further discusses the Kyoto Protocol.

Outline:
Abstract
Historical Perspectives of the Problem
The Impacts on and Responses of Humans or other living organisms to the Environmental Variation
Changes in the Ecosystem and Biosphere Structure
Ecosystem Dynamics Relative to Repair and Restoration
Economic Costs and Social Costs of the Ecological/Environmental Impact
Prevention and Public Awareness Effort Aimed at the Problem
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Another issue is represented by the more and more often natural disasters like storms, floods and hurricanes that damage and even destroy people's establishments. The regions most vulnerable to sea-level rise are river deltas such as the Nile delta in Egypt, the Ganges in Bangladesh, the Yangtze and Hwang Ho in China, the Mekong and also the United States that could loose 8000 square miles (20,000 km2) of land, valued at about $650 billion, and 30-80% of its coastal wetlands . Insurance companies are also affected by the natural disasters that come along and in order to avoid bankruptcy they try to develop new strategies on the market and diminish the risks."

Tags:ecosystems, planet, climate, greenhouse, gases, global, warming, fossil, fuel, energy

From the Paper
"As the twentieth century draws to a close, Americans are still battling the vestiges of nineteenth century doctrine, the aftermath of the politics of Manifest Destiny and the lingering effects of the pioneer mentality which forged the way west. In her illuminating essay, "Empire of Innocence" Limerick suggests that "the figure of the innocent victim is the dominant motif" characterizing the American experience of western expansion (Columbo 570). Rather than viewing themselves as destructive forces who ravaged the land, the pioneers and contemporary Americans prefer to see themselves as tricked by hostile nature which does not co-operate with expansionist dreams. Limerick asserts that "when Nature behaved according to its own rules and..."

Abstract
This paper states that the Monterey Bay region has escaped the type of environmental damage experienced by much more densely populated areas in California, but the human ecology of the region shows that there has been damage done to the ecology and that this damage is ongoing. The paper comments that the problem is found both on land and in the sea and other waterways of the region. A number of areas are protected as parklands, though many of the problems cross borders because they are airborne or waterborne. The paper also discusses other issues involving changes to the types of plants and animals found in the region, with exotic flora and fauna introduced through human action. The paper concludes that efforts are being made by government and private institutions to address these problems and to restore the natural habitat as much as possible.

Outline:
Introduction
Native American Populations
Current State
Land Animals
Parks
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Today, the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (MBNMS) is a federally protected marine area offshore of California's central coast and extending from Marin to Cambria, encompassing a shoreline length of 276 miles and 5,322 square miles of ocean. This area supports one of the world's most diverse marine ecosystems, home to numerous mammals, seabirds, fishes, invertebrates, and plants. The MBNMS was established for the purpose of resource protection, research, education, and public use and is part of a system of 13 National Marine Sanctuaries administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration."

Tags:indicator, health, environmental, natural, habitat

Abstract
Examines the function of ozone layer, man-made depletion, and steps to prevent further depletion and restore the ozone layer through elimination of products that cause it. Discusses dangers to human beings, other animal life, and the general ecology.

From the Paper
"The ozone layer, or ozonosphere, is located in the stratosphere surrounding the earth, and is responsible for protecting the life on the planet - human, plant and animal, including the life in the sea - from the dangers ..."