Abstract
This paper takes a look at oil as a finite energy source. The paper discusses the need to find alternate energy resources of both renewable and non renewable natures. The paper reviews the different sources currently available like hydropower, solar energy, thermal energy, nuclear energy, coal.

Outline:
Thesis Statement
Introduction
Background
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Alternatives: The drawbacks in bio diesels made environmentalist concentrate on cheap and easy to make eco fuels. Eco- fuels are touted as the free energy that is not only renewable but is also harmless for the environment as they do not cause any emissions. These eco fuels can generally be made and stored at home meaning that consumer just by incurring some cost on machines and systems can fulfill their energy needs. Today technology can be used to make convert simple products like turds into methane. Some of these technologies require only some efforts on consumers' parts as they are mostly do-it-yourself ventures. There are methods available that make use of hydrogen per oxide to increase the fuel efficiency of the engines of the vehicles. Not only vehicles can be run but using these eco fuels home heating and cooling and power production can also be done. Even alcohol can be used to heat up homes and to cook food. There are organizations and individuals working for the cause and they have developed different easy to implement techniques and methods to use cheap and easily available materials to fulfill different energy needs."

Tags:solar, power, vegetable, oil, turds, wood, hydrogen, environment, pipeline

Abstract
The paper looks at France and at its changing demography, growing economy, and steadily-growing energy needs. The paper focuses upon France's massive consumption of bio-fuels and what the future holds for this country as its demand appears to be out-stripping domestic supplies.

From the Paper
"Before delving too deeply into the matter of bio-fuels and their relationship to France, it is vital to present an overview of the country in question. As most people are well-aware, France is located in Western Europe, bordering the Pacific Ocean, with Germany to its immediate East and Spain to the West (a map outlining France's location can be found in the appendix to this paper). The population of France, according to one online source was, as of late 2006, 60,742,000 ("Population of France" 2006). France's GDP (as of 2006) stood at around US$1.9 trillion and its per-capita GDP stood at US$31,200 (Central Intelligence Agency 2007,...)"

Tags:france, bio, fuels, europe

Abstract
This paper examines the American metropolitan transportation system and maintains that it is in dire need of improvement, especially in terms of reducing air pollution. The paper discusses how the massive use of fossil fuels derived from oil is becoming prohibitively expensive, but that the gravest consequence is the constant emission of poisons into the atmosphere from vehicle exhausts. The paper points out that this problem has become especially acute over the last thirty years and needs to be resolved through the use of alternative fuels.

From the Paper
"The American metropolitan transportation system is in dire need of improvement, especially in terms of reducing air pollution. The massive use of fossil fuels derived from oil is becoming prohibitively expensive, but the gravest consequence is the constant emission of poisons into the atmosphere from vehicle exhausts. This problem has become especially acute over the last thirty years and needs to be resolved through the use of alternative fuels. The initial development of fuel-efficient cars was primarily in response to the OPEC oil crisis of the nineteen-seventies and the resulting dramatic rise in gasoline prices for American motorists. Up until the Yom Kippur War of 1973, Americans drove high-powered, gas-guzzling cars and since gasoline was so cheap no consumers were interested in buying fuel-efficient cars."

Tags:alternative, fuel, issues

Abstract
This paper summarizes eco-critical theory and its relevance to criminology. The paper defines eco-critical theory as including, but not limited to, anthropology, criminology, Marxism, and feminism. The paper explains that its unifying theme is its concern with humans' destruction of eco-systems, provoking questions of environmental rights, environmental justice, environmental victimization, and environmental criminality. In addition, the paper notes, the focus of this theory is largely on individuals' environmental rights, including the right to consume safe food, to breathe clean air, to have unpolluted water, and to work in safe conditions. The paper concludes that eco-critical theory is a structural level theory, rooted in the green perspective; it has much to offer criminology, as most criminological theories are micro-level explanations. This paper contains an illustrative figure.

Outline:
Introduction
Eco-Critical Theory
A Green Perspective for Criminology
References

From the Paper
"Generally, eco-critical theory is informed by an ecological perspective, and it is critical in that it includes a political analysis that deconstructs hegemonic, political, economic, philosophical, and cultural belief systems within the ecological perspective (Koser-Wilson, 1999). The theory assumes that once these belief systems have been deconstructed, they must be re-created, consistent with the principles of natural systems in order to produce effective environmental policies. Conversely, environmental policy will not be successful unless it is eco-critically informed. As a political/critical and ecological theory, eco-critical theory generally asks which individuals benefit from particular environmental policies and which do not have a stake or have something to lose (Koser-Wilson, 1999). The answers to this question largely determine who commits crimes against the environment, what form(s) the destruction takes, and why it occurred."

Tags:ecological, perspective, green, structural

Abstract
The paper aims to illustrate that when organizations make a strategic decision to pursue sustainability as a foundational value, there are many benefits both to their own operations and to the environment as well. The paper uses Hewlett-Packard's (HP) Green Business Technology Initiative as an example and provides insights into how HP has been able to emerge as a global leader in eco-innovation as a result of their sustainability commitments. The paper also discusses how consumers now evaluate those companies they purchase from based on their adoption of sustainability and green values in their products. The paper posits that with the world becoming increasingly transparent due to social networking, it is critically important for every company to contribute.

Outline:
Introduction
Making Sustainability a Strategic Priority Drives Eco-Innovation
Finding Sustainability Opportunities by Listening to the Voice of the Customer
Overcoming Resistance to the Change Eco-Innovation Requires
Summary

From the Paper
"HP was foresightful in with regard to seeing the value of pursuing a sustainability strategy early. From 1987 when Planet Partner was launched to alleviate the environmental impact of LaserJet cartridges while at the same time recycling them to further increase the margins on consumables (Preston, 2001) to the development of "green" or disposable batteries for their laptops (Bulkeley, 2008), HP is one of the first high tech manufacturers to see the economic value of sustainability.
"As a result of this perspective on environmentally-based products, the company has also been able to gain valuable insights into how they can re-design business processes to enable greater eco-innovation too. Of all processes that HP has been able to gain the greatest financial benefits from those engrained as part of their supply chains have seen the greatest gains. Anticipating that this level of sustainability would need to reach multiple layers deep into their supply chains and there would be a need for a high level of auditability and transparency HP created a Supplier Code of Conduct (Case Journal, 2007). This was done by HP's senior management to better manage the potential risks of having suppliers not be in compliance to WEEE or RoHS requirements throughout European Union countries. If a supplier was found to not be in compliance there could be severe fines for HP and the supplier, and the need to define strategies for disposing of the products not in compliance. HP foresaw these compliance laws globally as an impetus to create more efficient and sustainability-based initiatives including the adoption of more transparent Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs as well."

Tags:environment, supply, chains, sourcing, product, development

Abstract
This paper analyzes the superfund literature within an eco-critical theoretical context. While mainstream criminology tends to focus on individual explanations for why people commit crimes, the paper explains, this research examines a neglected dimension of the field. The paper notes that although environmental issues have received heightened attention in criminological literature, particularly over the past decade, little attention has been devoted to the development of a theoretical framework and appropriate propositions that define environmental crime, describe its possible causes and implications, and provide testable hypotheses from which the theory's effectiveness may be assessed.
The paper concludes that specific examinations of its failures within historical, political, and economic contexts reveal how the players involved in superfund contribute not only to its failure, but also to the further commission of environmental crimes.

Outline:
Introduction
Description and History of Superfund
Eco-Critical Theory and Criticisms of Superfund
Political Analysis of Superfund within the Framework of Eco-Critical Theory
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"First, it is the only way to determine its effectiveness, consistent with the notion of a successful criminological theory. Second, it will raise the consciousness criminologists with respect to environmental crime. More generally, the theory challenges conventional notions of crime and victimization, moving toward a non-speciest criminology. In light of the extent to which humans have damaged the Earth and harmed its inhabitants through their counter-ecological practices, environmental crime and victimization resulting from it should receive more attention within the discipline. Criminologists, particularly ones who are concerned with activist agendas, are effective in bringing their concerns to the mainstream media and the general public and even, on occasion, affecting policies. More rigorous research within an eco-critical perspective will lend credibility to the perspective and have a better chance of being accepted and influential outside the discipline."

Tags:criminology, theory, critical

Abstract
This paper demonstrates that eco- sabotage is morally and ethically sound despite its qualities of property destruction and breaking the law, in that the overwhelming implications of ecological damage far outweigh the considerations of those harmed through eco- sabotage.

Abstract
This paper centers around the work of Italian Semiotics professor, journalist and author Umberto Eco's "Travels in Hyperreality". It focuses on the different meanings of the word "communication" and text from Umberto Eco and is set to show that the American over valuation of its self and desire to represent its values in society will be its possible downfall.

From the Paper
"The text 'Travels in Hyperreality' by Umberto Eco describes communication through symbols in the United States that are used in representation of various areas of society. These include a hologram of "Two very beautiful naked girls" that is displayed at the School of Holography in New York. Another symbol is Superman, the US 'superhero' and his retreat the Fortress of Solitude. This fortress is a private museum, Wunderkammer, of his life and where he came from, Kandor, Krypton. This place represents the 'ultimate' of the US to preserve past symbols."

Tags:downfall, economics, politics, semiotics, symbolism

Abstract
This paper discusses how the everyday actions of human beings are the greatest contributors to climate change. The paper further explains that some of these everyday activities include the use of gas-guzzling automobiles, throwing away recyclables, and wasteful energy usage. The paper contends that, with the collective efforts of those who have a deep concern for our environment and our future, the crisis can subside.

Outline
Sustainable Design
Small Steps Yield Big Change
Improving Efficiency
Eco-Education
Alternative Fuels
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In addition to building environmentally friendly structures, small communities are trying to turn nothing into something. Individuals are finding ways to take control of local economies and, at the same time, lessen their communities' impact on the environment. This has come to be known as "community economic development" or CED. What this concept basically entails is everyday people taking action to change the way their communities recycle. In many cases, it is an attempt to offset the large amounts of waste in landfills by creating new products from glass bottles, aluminum cans, etc. The environmental benefit to R-CED (Recycling-based CED) is that the need for transportation and landfills is virtually eliminated, since recycled materials are often re-manufactured on-site. In addition to enabling local residents to create markets of their own, CED also helps them to create new job opportunities within their respective communities (Gallant & Taschereau, 2001). "

Tags:Eco-Education, Alternative, Fuels

Abstract
In this article, the writer argues that global climate change is a serious and vital issue that needs to be addressed immediately on a major scale. A variety of outside opinion pieces are used to support the argument provided that money will drive global climate change not individual change or denial.

From the Paper
"In the film based on the novel of the Watergate scandal by Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein 'All The President's Men', the information source known as Deep throat tells the Washington Post reporter he will find the answers he is looking for if he 'Follows the money'. The controversy over global warming will be resolved not by sanctimonious or misinformed liberals driving Prius' and purchasing carbon credits. Rather it will be resolved because it is a valid threat to the planet and species that ..."

Tags:climate, eco-friendly, hybrid vehicles, oil, fossil fuels, weather, activism, EPA, big business