Abstract
Most women in Eastern Europe have been part of traditional patriarchal societies for centuries. The role of women changed somewhat in many of these areas during the era of Communist rule, though the promise of gender equality often promulgated for a supposedly classless society was never fully realized. More recently, many of these societies have experienced added tensions because of the movement away from centralized control and toward some form of democratic and capitalistic system, a move that in itself has created problems many of these societies have not been ready to address. Historical analyses of the role of women in Eastern Europe depend in part on whether these are internal histories or histories written by outside observers. Western historians have a different perspective, seeing their own social order more as an ideal and as more advanced, especially in terms of women's issues.

From the Paper
Most women in Eastern Europe have been part of traditional patriarchal societies for centuries. The role of women changed somewhat in many of these areas during the era of Communist rule, though the promise of gender equality often promulgated for a supposedly classless society was never fully realized. More recently, many of these societies have experienced added tensions because of the movement away from centralized control and toward some form of democratic and capitalistic system, a move that in itself has created problems many of these societies have not been ready to address. Historical analyses of the role of women in Eastern Europe depend in part on whether these are internal histories or histories written by

Tags:women, eastern, europe

Abstract
This paper explains why economic development was such a crucial question in Eastern Europe during the period 1918-1939. The three countries discussed are Hungary, Poland, and Romania.

Tags:EUROPEAN STUDIES (HISTORY, CULTURE) / EASTERN EUROPE, RUSSIA, development eastern europe

Abstract
This paper analyzes the role of ethics in the international business of Eastern Europe (EE) by analyzing the transition from communism to capitalism, the effects of the EE business ethics culture on foreign investment, and how international reforms affected individuals and the management of international business in EE. The paper also examines a study of the insurance industry in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries on how to best install ethical values in a transitional society and determine whether the issues would diminish once privatization and regulation matured. In the years since the fall of communism, corruption and ethics have been a problem and EE countries continue to lag behind the rest of the world, the author acknowledges.

Table of Contents:
Communism to Capitalism
Insurance as a Representative Industry
Corruption in Eastern Europe
International Ethics Reforms
United Nations' View on Ethics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The main conclusion made by Cooper and Dorfman came in comparing the results of their survey to the origins of unethical business in CEE. Bohata concluded that there are three main sources of unethical behavior; those attributed to the communist heritage, those associated with new transitional opportunities, and lastly those that are related to the market system itself. Bohata claims that it is critical for a manager to understand the foundations of such behavior and correct it based upon which of the three categories it falls under."

Tags:perception mistrust, universal code, cultural barriers, internet

Abstract
This paper first describes the geopolitical changes that ensued in Eastern Europe after the end of the Cold War. The paper goes on to elaborate on the change of culture in Eastern Europe as a result of the democratization of the region. Also discussed, is the economic growth in the region since the fall of the Soviet Union and the proliferation of toxic materials in the region.

From the Paper
"1950 marked the official dawning of the Cold War Era, where the US and Russia engaged in the Cold War battle for ideological holdings in the world, whereby Russia basically dominated the Eastern Hemisphere and the US dominated the west. Since then, the specific regions of Eastern Europe have democratized, with central events being the Democratization of 1989 and 1992, and division of Eastern Europe into two continental sub-sectors, the CEE (Central and Eastern Europe) and the NIS (NIS members: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan), the Republics that formerly were all part of Russia."

Tags:cold war, government economy culture, physical features, communism

Abstract
This paper will look at the advancements made by the traditional economies of Central and Eastern Europe, and the difficulties they still face. In the end, it is clear that the transition from communism to capitalism has enjoyed several successes. Using the yardstick of appearances, evidence of this can be seen in the huge advancements made by many of the countries that now very much resemble those of Western Europe. Beneath this fragile fatade, however, it is most certain that the re-learning process involved with transition still has significant obstacles ahead of it.

Abstract
There can be no doubt that the study of the transitional states of Eastern Europe and Russia pose an interesting case for economic analysis. The challenges that face these countries can only be understood through a synthesis of capitalist and communist tenets. This involves comparisons and contrasts between both systems. This study will forge down precisely this path, evaluating the experiences of the post-communist states. With the sheer expanse and intensity of the previous Soviet system, it will be shown that, not only has the transition from plan to market been difficult for the countries of East Europe themselves, but also for economists who try to observe progress from afar.

Tags:transitional, economies

Abstract
This paper examines the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe. It identifies legitimation problems and economic problems that undermined the authority of these regimes. When this was coupled with the devolution of the Soviet Union, domestic opponents of the regime were able to assume power.

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to highlight some of the difficulties and implications associated with the market economy reorientation of the transitional economies of the former USSR, particularly the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE).

Tags:transitional, economies

Abstract
The devolution of the Soviet Union and the abandonment of command economies throughout Eastern Europe was one of the most profound developments in the last half of the twentieth century. A dozen years after the 'transition' began the results are still both tentative and mixed. This paper assesses the process with a broad, holistic perspective emphasizing both economic and non-economic factors.

Tags:communism, to, capitalism

Abstract
This paper stresses the importance of institution building in Eastern Europe and the interaction between formal and informal rules as one of the possible explanators of encountered difficulties. The general situation in Ukraine is described, as well as the banking system.

From the Paper
"The collapse of the Soviet Union bloc created an institutional vacuum in the whole Eastern Europe. Institutional change was seen as a key factor in solving problems. Three crucial issues were on the agenda at the moment: what and how institutions should be chosen, and how quick this process should be, as there was no possibility at that time to identify alternative institutional arrangements and assess precisely their consequences. The transition from socialism to capitalism made institutional restructuring indispensable. After the expiration of the socialist legal framework, new stable rules were required for carrying out interactions. In the then absence of formal rules people fell back on customs and traditions.

The West perceived the end of the communist rule as a clear vote for the capitalism. But it also assumed existence of the rational utility maximizers who would easily identify new opportunities, assess their consequences and allocate scarce resources in the best possible way. In my view transitologists tended to focus on the future rather than the socialist past, but failures of institution building in Ukraine have proved these approaches to be unrealistic and inappropriate in tackling the restructuring of institutions in CEE because, given incomplete knowledge and uncertainty, the importance of transaction costs, was not paid adequate attention to. Transaction costs are costs of resources necessary for the transfer of property rights from one economic agent to another, they include costs of making exchange and maintaining institutional structure. The calculation of costs did not include the costs for convincing people that the legal system was credible and stable, the cost of new institution-building and the costs of making people understand why the institutional restructuring was necessary or what was required for it. Also, according to Bossak, the frequent changing of rules, insecure property rights and restrictions on asset trading also increased such costs."

Tags:capitalism, central, communism, democracy, economics, institutions, politics, post, transformation