Abstract
This paper discusses the political and economic transition made by three East European countries after the fall of the Soviet Union. The writer shows how the political system and the economic systems are linked and how success in one aids with the other. Further the writer points out how well Bulgaria has done and how Romania has also achieved change, while Albania has had a more difficult time.

From the Paper
"After the breakup of the Soviet Union and the Soviet bloc it controlled, the different countries of Eastern Europe faced the need to develop political and economic systems of their own. Pressure from the West was directed toward getting these states to create more democratic institutions and a free market system, though there were many obstacles to these goals, including history and the dire economic problems facing many of these countries. As a result, it is not surprising that results have been mixed, with different countries achieving different levels of development and political systems with differing degrees of democracy."

Tags:romania, bulgaria, albania

Abstract
The post-Glasnost transition from Communism to Capitalism in Eastern Europe has presented various challenges and achievements which vary in their importance, from country to country. This paper concentrates most upon the realities of Institutional change as it is imperative to both economic life and democracy.

Introduction
Cultural and Attitudinal Factors
Military Affairs, Law and Order
Technological Factors
Promoting Capitalist Activities
Fiscal Matters
Labour
Social Welfare
Concluding Notes
References

Tags:eastern, european, shift

From the Paper
"The collapse of East European regimes probably had less to do with political opposition from within or economic and military pressure from without than is commonly thought to be the case. When Gorbachev launched perestroika, he apparently made the decision to dismantle the Soviet empire in Eastern Europe, an empire which the Soviets could no longer afford or properly manage. Thus the 1989 demise of communism in Eastern Europe should probably be seen as less a political victory by the democratic opposition within Poland, East Germany, or Czechoslovakia but rather a defeat by default of these local ruling elites, set adrift by a Gorbachev bent on reforming a fast disintegrating Soviet economic system (Ash, 1990).

The nature of the economic crisis in Eastern Europe has to a large extent paralleled the economic crisis in the former Soviet.."

Abstract
The paper explores the economic and foreign policy aspect of the proposed Turkish accession to the European Union. The paper reveals that the European Union, taking into account the security environment in the last years, needs the Turkish state but Turkey would have to resolve her political problems with the Kurdish population, with Greece, and Cyprus. The paper offers a general overview of the EU's foreign policy in regard to the Middle East and shows how, with Turkey as a member state, the EU can have a representative voice in the fight against terrorism in the region, as well as in the direct contacts with the Mediterranean states.

From the Paper
"There are controversial issues surrounding Turkey's accession to the EU taking into account the different forces inside the communitarian forum. However, it can be said that the Muslim country has enough attributes to be considered for membership of the European Union. Still, in order to have a better view at the importance of the country for the European forum, it is essential that one particular aspect be taken into account. In this sense, the way in which the foreign policy of the European Union is developing, the Turkish accession may represent one of its most important attributes. More precisely, given the fact that the new threats of security come from the Middle East or so it seems after recent reports, the adherence of the Turkish state to both continents and to different cultures can prove to be a connection point which would be useful for the foreign policy of the EU in the future. Nonetheless, it is important that such aspects, as well as political, economic, and cultural ones related to the Middle East policy of the European Union be taken into account."

Tags:Middle, East, terrorism, security, member, states

Abstract
This paper explores the towering personality of eighteenth-century East India Company Commander Robert Clive and how his forceful personality - combined with questionable ethics - both established the East India Company as the de facto ruler of North-East India, and concomitantly undermined the legitimacy of the regional Nawab's while also transforming Indian society in ways that created anger and resentment among Indians. In conclusion, the dominant personality of Robert Clive built the foundations for the East India Company's domination of India at the same time as the absence of a Robert Clive figure in China spared that nation subordination until the next century.

From the Paper
"To close, this paper has looked at the impact of Sir Robert Clive upon India and upon the actions of the East India Sea Company in the eighteenth century; the paper has also shown how the Chinese were able to secure great autonomy for themselves for many years because either the absence of a European figure of comparable stature to Clive - or because India was seen as a more compelling target by European imperialists. In any case, the history of India is a cautionary tale about what can happen when highly ambitious and cynical individuals acquire positions of power over vulnerable peoples."

Tags:European, colonial, imperialism, lord, British

Abstract
The paper looks at the promises of Arab independence made by British foreign policy decision-makers during the First World War. The paper also looks at the post-War settlement in the Middle East and how the conflicting assurances of the Great Powers did not cause any undue strain in the relationship between Great Britain and France, but did cause plenty of discomfiture in the Arab world when it became evident that Arab independence was simply not going to happen. The paper argues that the aforementioned promises did shape the post-war settlement in the sense that, by offering Arabs one thing (and, as it turned out, Jews something else) while delivering something else, ensured that the post-war Middle East would be carved up by a few powerful European countries while Jews and Arabs were forced to live side-by-side with the hopes of neither party realized. The paper also notes that the collapse of the old Ottoman Empire made it more difficult to distance themselves from unpopular rulers. In the final analysis, the paper highlights how promises made during the "fog of war" can easily lead to strained relations later.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at the promises of Arab independence made by British (and, more indirectly, by French) foreign policy decision-makers during the First World War. The paper will also look at the post-War settlement in the Middle East and how the conflicting assurances of the Great Powers (promises entirely at odds with their real intentions) did not cause any undue strain in the relationship between Great Britain and France, but did cause plenty of discomfiture in the Arab world when it became evident that Arab independence was simply not going to happen."

Tags:middle, east, britain

Abstract
A paper that analyzes the evolution of Western European Union and the impact of its integration on European and world politics.

Tags:impact, european, integration

Abstract
This paper explains that the Barcelona Declaration, and the Barcelona Process that came out of it, marks a new phase in Europe's foreign policy. It explores how this is a stage in which the European Union is announcing that it cannot afford the continuing conflict in the Middle East and that peace is the only option. This peace is an important factor in the EU's foreign and security policy. It concludes that, even though the EU is not challenging the role of the United States, it is working for peace, not just following in the U.S.'s footsteps.

From the Paper
"The reason why the European Union is placing a high level of importance on the Middle East Peace process is that it is related to its own security. This is admitted in the Common Foreign and Security Policy, and explained in the EU's 1999 statement on peace in the Middle East. As the CFSP openly seems to declare, the security interests of the EU cannot be divorced from the Middle East situation, not just because of the close geographic relation between them but because this area provides the EU with the majority of its energy needs and counts as a major trade partner, not to mention a leading source of investment in Europe (16). Therefore, the close geographic and economic relations between the two regions have placed the EU in a position in which it needs to give a status of priority to the Middle East Peace process. It is as such that the EU's resolution on peace in the Middle East firmly calls for the establishment of a Palestinian state, the removal of illegal Israeli settlements and the return of all occupied Arab territories (""EU European Parliament: Resolution ..."). The fact that the EU stresses these points is because it understands that the realizing of these goals is the only way to stabilize the region, thereby creating a peaceful and stable neighborhood for the EU."

Tags:barcelona, middle, east, peace

Abstract
This essay will assume the position that the pre-modern societies of East Asia were isolated and stagnant. It is recognized that this argument is controversial, and dependent upon certain geographical and social assumptions. "isolation" and "stagnation" are relative concepts. It will be seen that two of the main economies of the region - that of China and Japan - possessed flourishing domestic economies and some degree of trade with other economies in the region. However, given the inescapable fact that European colonial powers in this era came to dominate Asia, first economically and then politically, a balanced view of the pre-modern economic history of the region must explain why this came to pass. Key to this explanation is a recognition that, in comparison to the nations of the West, the pre-modern economies of China and Japan were stagnant and isolated.

Tags:ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY (ANCIENT HISTORY) / PRIMITIVE CULTURE (PALEOLITHIC), ANCIENT EMPIRES, economies east asia

Abstract
This paper discusses the East German uprising of 1953. The paper first discusses the original reasons behind the uprising and then looks at how the US misjudged the uprising and consequently, did not formulate an effective strategic response.

From the Paper
'Looking at the US National Security Council guidelines (dated 29th June)for intervention in the region we see a couple key things. The interest is there, but the measures are too small-scale. They rely on propaganda, defection, or elimination. The first phase, meant to be carried out within 60 days, sets up the guidelines for propaganda and trying to convince officials to defect. The CIA was able to fund Radio Free Europe, which sent broadcasts all over the Eastern Bloc. Another recommended strategy was to bring East Germany before the United Nations for it's actions in suppressing the revolt. Phase II of the plan called for getting Soviet officials and intellectuals to like the West. It also included the infamous propaganda balloons which would fly over Eastern European countries and drop leaflets."

Tags:german, people, Eastern, European, communism, quotas, U.S.A.