Abstract The paper explores the economic and foreign policy aspect of the proposed Turkish accession to the European Union. The paper reveals that the European Union, taking into account the security environment in the last years, needs the Turkish state but Turkey would have to resolve her political problems with the Kurdish population, with Greece, and Cyprus. The paper offers a general overview of the EU's foreign policy in regard to the Middle East and shows how, with Turkey as a member state, the EU can have a representative voice in the fight against terrorism in the region, as well as in the direct contacts with the Mediterranean states.
From the Paper "There are controversial issues surrounding Turkey's accession to the EU taking into account the different forces inside the communitarian forum. However, it can be said that the Muslim country has enough attributes to be considered for membership of the European Union. Still, in order to have a better view at the importance of the country for the European forum, it is essential that one particular aspect be taken into account. In this sense, the way in which the foreign policy of the European Union is developing, the Turkish accession may represent one of its most important attributes. More precisely, given the fact that the new threats of security come from the Middle East or so it seems after recent reports, the adherence of the Turkish state to both continents and to different cultures can prove to be a connection point which would be useful for the foreign policy of the EU in the future. Nonetheless, it is important that such aspects, as well as political, economic, and cultural ones related to the Middle East policy of the European Union be taken into account."
Tags: Middle, East, terrorism, security, member, states
Abstract With an annual GDP comparable to that of the United States, and a population of about 450 million people as of May 1st, 2004, with the addition of 10 more EastEuropean countries, the European Union has become a major economic force in the world economy and will continue to be a dominant factor in how other countries do business within Europe. This paper shows that because of the influence and reach the European Union has on the international economy, it is important to understand how EU legislation will affect international marketing functions between European countries and international countries. Because the European Union is still in its developmental phases and growing at a tremendous rate, rules and regulations are constantly changing, making it extremely difficult for international companies to keep up to date with all the changes. This paper looks at the various aspects of the marketing mix that have been affected by EU legislation.
From the Paper "The creation of a single monetary system under the European Union will change the way companies do business both within the EU and internationally. The change to the single monetary system will impact the pricing variable of the marketing mix by creating more price transparency, reducing exchange rate risks with the European Union, and lowering transaction costs. Many companies doing businesses within the European Union will spend a great amount of time updating their financial systems and converting existing currency and pricing into the new monetary system. International marketers will also have to establish new pricing structures under the new monetary system."
Abstract This essay will assume the position that the pre-modern societies of East Asia were isolated and stagnant. It is recognized that this argument is controversial, and dependent upon certain geographical and social assumptions. "isolation" and "stagnation" are relative concepts. It will be seen that two of the main economies of the region - that of China and Japan - possessed flourishing domestic economies and some degree of trade with other economies in the region. However, given the inescapable fact that European colonial powers in this era came to dominate Asia, first economically and then politically, a balanced view of the pre-modern economic history of the region must explain why this came to pass. Key to this explanation is a recognition that, in comparison to the nations of the West, the pre-modern economies of China and Japan were stagnant and isolated.
Tags: ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY (ANCIENT HISTORY) / PRIMITIVE CULTURE (PALEOLITHIC), ANCIENT EMPIRES, economies east asia
Abstract This paper explains that the Barcelona Declaration, and the Barcelona Process that came out of it, marks a new phase in Europe's foreign policy. It explores how this is a stage in which the European Union is announcing that it cannot afford the continuing conflict in the Middle East and that peace is the only option. This peace is an important factor in the EU's foreign and security policy. It concludes that, even though the EU is not challenging the role of the United States, it is working for peace, not just following in the U.S.'s footsteps.
From the Paper "The reason why the European Union is placing a high level of importance on the Middle East Peace process is that it is related to its own security. This is admitted in the Common Foreign and Security Policy, and explained in the EU's 1999 statement on peace in the Middle East. As the CFSP openly seems to declare, the security interests of the EU cannot be divorced from the Middle East situation, not just because of the close geographic relation between them but because this area provides the EU with the majority of its energy needs and counts as a major trade partner, not to mention a leading source of investment in Europe (16). Therefore, the close geographic and economic relations between the two regions have placed the EU in a position in which it needs to give a status of priority to the Middle East Peace process. It is as such that the EU's resolution on peace in the Middle East firmly calls for the establishment of a Palestinian state, the removal of illegal Israeli settlements and the return of all occupied Arab territories (""EU European Parliament: Resolution ..."). The fact that the EU stresses these points is because it understands that the realizing of these goals is the only way to stabilize the region, thereby creating a peaceful and stable neighborhood for the EU."
Abstract This paper discusses the political and economic transition made by three EastEuropean countries after the fall of the Soviet Union. The writer shows how the political system and the economic systems are linked and how success in one aids with the other. Further the writer points out how well Bulgaria has done and how Romania has also achieved change, while Albania has had a more difficult time.
From the Paper "After the breakup of the Soviet Union and the Soviet bloc it controlled, the different countries of Eastern Europe faced the need to develop political and economic systems of their own. Pressure from the West was directed toward getting these states to create more democratic institutions and a free market system, though there were many obstacles to these goals, including history and the dire economic problems facing many of these countries. As a result, it is not surprising that results have been mixed, with different countries achieving different levels of development and political systems with differing degrees of democracy."
Abstract This paper discusses the East German uprising of 1953. The paper first discusses the original reasons behind the uprising and then looks at how the US misjudged the uprising and consequently, did not formulate an effective strategic response.
From the Paper 'Looking at the US National Security Council guidelines (dated 29th June)for intervention in the region we see a couple key things. The interest is there, but the measures are too small-scale. They rely on propaganda, defection, or elimination. The first phase, meant to be carried out within 60 days, sets up the guidelines for propaganda and trying to convince officials to defect. The CIA was able to fund Radio Free Europe, which sent broadcasts all over the Eastern Bloc. Another recommended strategy was to bring East Germany before the United Nations for it's actions in suppressing the revolt. Phase II of the plan called for getting Soviet officials and intellectuals to like the West. It also included the infamous propaganda balloons which would fly over Eastern European countries and drop leaflets."
Abstract The post-Glasnost transition from Communism to Capitalism in Eastern Europe has presented various challenges and achievements which vary in their importance, from country to country. This paper concentrates most upon the realities of Institutional change as it is imperative to both economic life and democracy.
Introduction
Cultural and Attitudinal Factors
Military Affairs, Law and Order
Technological Factors
Promoting Capitalist Activities
Fiscal Matters
Labour
Social Welfare
Concluding Notes
References
Abstract This paper examines how democratic governments in South-East Asia use violence as a tool for legitimacy. It explores the unique characteristics of some of the South-East Asian democracies with a comparative focus on the cases of Thailand and East Timor. The first part of the paper looks at how the Thai and Indonesian governments use violence and their links with the military to validate and strengthen their political legitimacy. The second part explores how these governments further use violence to quell dissent and maintain their legitimacy on an international stage, to important financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, as well as to other countries. In the conclusion, the paper looks at the characteristics of Thai and Indonesian political institutions, which make violence an important component of maintaining political legitimacy. It posits that the rapid economic growth sweeping the region presents opportunities for more equitable distribution of resources and a greater recognition of individual civil rights.
From the Paper "This formulation presupposes that the absence of protest is the same as rational compliance. In South-East Asia, however, the seeming rational compliance often masks an undercurrent of coercion that makes dissent impossible and dangerous. This coercion is illustrated clearly East Timor's bloody struggle for independence. During two decades of Indonesian rule, the Indonesian government used military force to commit atrocities on par with the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. The Indonesian military government took over East Timor's coffee exports and other businesses. Corruption was rampant as Indonesian economic migrants swarmed into the area for the jobs. In contrast to the Indonesians who profited from the area's business, many East Timorese experienced extreme hardship (Kingsbury 397)."
Tags: civil, rights, indonesia, thailand, east, timor
Abstract Robert Moses was a leader in the early years of East Harlem in New York City. East Harlem was the home of the New Negro. One of the early songs was called "All Coons Look Alike to me". The people in East Harlem have changed due to the new welfare laws and people who are dedicated to changing the area.
Abstract This paper begins by briefly outlining the astronomical pace of economic growth in the East Asian NICs. It then explores the course of development's relationship to development theory. It asserts that the neo-liberal link between economic development and democracy and greater equality is dismissed by the experience of the NICs. However, the dependency/world system approach, currently expressed in globalization, is affirmed by the recent history of the East Asian NICs and the present situation.
Abstract This paper examines Middle East terrorism. It looks at how ever since the emergence of Middle East terrorism in the nineteen-seventies, it has become increasingly evident that terrorism thrives on media coverage, and tends to fade in influence and significance when media attention is diverted elsewhere. It discusses how subsequently, radical Islamic terrorist tactics and strategy are very media-oriented, for the mass media is seen by terrorists as a long-range weapon that can strike fear into their enemies, regardless of where they live.
Abstract This paper discusses international relations and the legal regulation of armed conflict, specifically with regard to the East Timor conflict in which Indonesia refused initially to withdraw from the country. As this paper reports, the country held a referendum that was facilitated by the United Nations on whether or not the East Timorese people wanted independence or to integrate with Indonesia (West Timor).
From the Paper "The concept of legal regulation of war and armed conflict has been around for centuries. Today, the United Nations (UN) holds the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing legitimate international relations and laws of war according to the guidelines in the Charter of the United Nations. The UN is accountable for establishing the conditions of justice and monitoring peacekeeping efforts. Brokering peace is an important job and should not be taken lightly. The United Nations has undertaken broad range of governmental functions in order to ensure peace is maintained once the UN peacekeepers have departed ("East Timor" p. 2). "
Abstract This paper, written from a religious Islamic perspective, explores how diversity represents a major roadblock to achieving peace and harmony in the Middle East. The writer first describes the Muslim outlook on cultural diversity, as opposed to Christianity. The paper then highlights the different religious outlooks and sects within Islam. Several obstacles to establishing democracy in the Middle East are illustrated, with an emphasis on the suppression of minorities in the region. The author concludes citing Islamic concerns about democratization in Israel.
From the Paper "The Sunni is the largest group of the Islamic faith, with nearly 90% of all Muslims subscribing to this practice (Ibrahim, p. 323-369). The Kharawaj is another major political force in the Islamic world. When the prophet Muhammad died he had no sons to inherit leadership. The primary point of contention between these two groups is how to decide the leadership succession. The Kharawaj reject the Sunni idea that bloodlines are the most important factor, but feel that the right to rule is divinely granted."
Abstract This paper presents an overview of the European Community. It describes the initial formation of the European Union from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) until the present. The author argues in favor of the necessity of European cooperation and describes the historical influences that have led to the current status of the European Union. Current issues within the EU are also discussed. The paper is well cited with 12 internet references.
From the Paper "For the most part the effects of WWII on the whole of Europe were both disastrous and expansive. After this Great War and consequent destruction it became the desire of many Europeans to ensure that an event such as WWII never again would tear Europe apart. In the beginning some, including Winston Churchill, were in favor of forming a European federation government similar in construct to the United States of America. As a result of this sentiment the Council of Europe was formed but remained largely restrictive."
