Abstract
Much as the science has progressed, it cannot, to this day, predict earthquakes with accuracy. This ten-page paper discusses earthquakes in general, the origins of its predictions, methods of predictions and any new technologies that might be associated with them. The paper concludes by discussing the impact of earthquakes on the real estate business of Los Angeles and San Francisco.

Tags:earthquakes, origin effects

Abstract
The paper provides a report for the people of Fairbanks Alaska regarding earthquakes. The paper looks at why Alaska has so many earthquakes and concludes that another is inevitable It also looks at options for minimizing the damage caused by earthquakes.

From the Paper
"Earthquakes are usually connected with fault lines. Fault lines are areas in which tectonic plates are moving more frequently then other areas(Hobbs 272). Although techonic plates are moving everywhere they are usually not moving fast enough for anyone to realize. Earthquakes occur when techonic plates achieve a high enough velocity to cause the ground to actually shake."

Tags:fairbanks, alaska, earthquakes

Abstract
This paper presents a review of historical accounts of the 1750 London earthquakes. It looks at issues that must be considered in reading the original reports of the earthquakes and the differences in interpretations in the reports.

From the Paper
"Perhaps the most significant distinction that can be made between thes econdary reports of Lecky and Langford and that of Speck is that the former attribute the prediction of the third earthquake to a crazy soldier and a lunatic trooper ..."

Tags:earthquakes, london, 1750

Abstract
This paper discusses specific examples of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. It discusses the latest eruptions and the latest earthquakes occurrences. The paper then describes the environmental and societal impacts that they caused both locally and around the world. Where possible, the paper also classifies the natural disaster and ranks it in history against other similar occurrences.

From the Paper
"Mexico City quake of 1985 - This quake measured 8.1 on the Richter scale, and killed at least 9,000 people, but many Mexico City residents believe the real number was far higher, perhaps as high as 100,000. Nearly 500 buildings were destroyed, and 100,000 homes were lost. It also collapsed most of the area hospitals, leaving little health care for victims of the quake. This quake is probably the most devastating of all those on the North American continent discussed here."
"Shensi, China earthquake - Occurred in 1556, the worst killing an estimate 830,000 people, which was about 60 percent of the entire nation's population. It destroyed a 520-square mile area, and affected ten provinces. It was rated an 8 on the moment magnitude scale, and is known as the worst earthquake in history, and the fourth worst natural disaster of all time."

Tags:stratovolcano, tsunami, Richter

Abstract
The paper describes how the Los Angeles area is a juncture point for several seismic fault systems. The paper relates that the area experiences small earthquakes all the time and has experienced two large-scale destructive quakes in the past four decades. The paper discusses how until more is known about the forces and triggers involved, predicting earthquakes will not be effective.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Los Angeles and environs are transversed by numerous fault lines brought into existence by the pressures involved in the coming together of the huge tectonic plates underlying the earth's crust. The tensions in these faults build up over long periods of time to be released in an earthquake. The city has experienced two major earthquakes in the last 36 years after some 30 years of relative quiescence. Smaller earthquakes happen all the time, which may or may not reduce the pressure upon the system."

Tags:seismic, faults, continental, plates, tension, emergency, responses

Abstract
This paper examines how earthquakes produced by the San Andreas Fault in Southern California have been a topic of interest for many researchers and how limitations on conventional radiocarbon analysis impeded the research and were a major barrier to progress in paleoseismology. It looks at how, recently, newer technology and larger samples have enabled researchers to date the quakes with greater precision. It review the article, "A More Precise Chronology of Earthquakes Produced by the San Andreas Fault in Southern California" (Sieh, et al, 1989), which shows the results of one such study and outlines the major strengths and weaknesses of the latest measurements.

From the Paper
"This method is much more accurate than dates previously given. Previously, typical small proportion counters and accelerator mass spectrometric analysis were used, which produced a higher year error possibility. Since the methods for radiocarbon analysis have improved with this use of counters with low background noise, the dates given in this paper are much more precise. In addition, the most recent study used larger sample sizes, longer counting time, and a more precise way to convert radiocarbon age to calendar dates. Finally, better controls were in place, as were better statistical techniques for sample extraction (Sieh, et al, 1989)."

Tags:paleoseismology, radiocarbon, analysis, technology, samples

Abstract
This paper examines the damage recently caused by the natural phenomena of earthquakes and hurricanes and measures that can be taken to to predict their arrival in order to prepare for them. In particular it looks at Hurricane Dennis, which menaced the coast of North Carolina and Hurricane Floyd, which led to a huge evacuation of people from Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. It also discusses the devastating effects of the two earthquakes that hit Turkey in 1999.

From the Paper
"The other major natural disaster in the fall of 1999 has been earthquakes, of which there have been several considered major in impact. Indeed, Turkey has been hit twice in different regions of the country. The earthquake in August left a death toll originally estimated to be about 500. This was a quake of magnitude 7.8 on the old Richter scale, making it almost as powerful as the 7.9 in San Francisco in 1906, which killed 700 people. The earthquake in Turkey struck at 3 am. Dozens of buildings collapsed. It is often noted in American cities when there is an earthquake at that hour that the death toll would have been much higher in the daytime when people were out on the street, but it is not clear that this would be true in areas like Turkey where buildings are not as well-constructed and where most of those killed were sleeping in their own beds when the house collapsed about them."

Tags:aftershocks, tremors, dennis, floyd

Abstract
The paper provides a brief overview of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake in China, the 1982 New Brunswick quake and the 1906 quake of San Francisco. The paper examines the intensity of the damage and how well the situation was handled. The paper shows how imminent warning for major earthquakes is critical in saving lives, especially in densely populated regions. The paper discusses, however, that although scientists are able to predict quakes based on fault lines, they are still unable to issue short-term predictions with any certainty.

From the Paper
"Earthquakes have always been feared for their catastrophic effects and strike without much of a warning. Many recent earthquakes such as the El Salvador quake and the one that happened in India in 2001, and more recently the earthquake in Indian Ocean that triggered the devastating tsunami in Asia, have all proved that major earthquakes tend to be unpredictable in spite of the advanced scientific equipments used by seismologists. Though scientists now have knowledge about seismic faults and can predict where the next earthquake could occur they do not yet possess the knowledge to predict when the next 'big one will strike" [Sandra Blakeslee]"

Tags:Tangshan, New, Brunswick, San, Francisco, predictions, warnings

Abstract
This paper discusses how Alaskans are used to numerous earthquakes, but the 2002 disaster in Fairbanks' hinterland pointed to the necessity of attending to immediate human results then quickly repairing road infrastructure. The state's insurance industry works collaboratively with state emergency planning towards properties rebuilt according to regulations meant to fortify structures.

From the Paper
"Earthquakes in the area of Fairbanks, Alaska represent an important case in terms of how the dangers of earthquakes are evaluated, in responses to their accompanying losses, and also the intended response to future earthquakes. For instance, the March 1964 `Great Alaska Earthquake' had a strong impact on groundwater thousands of miles distant, in more than 700 ground wells in the continental United States to show water-level changes including one of 12-feet in a well in South Dakota; a well in Australia, for that matter, fluctuated by more than 2 feet after the same disaster. "

Tags:alaska, earthquakes, policy

Abstract
An analysis of how both minor and major faults can lead to earthquakes. The paper includes a summary of the background of the Bay Area and explains how not all the earthquakes are found in the regions where the major faults lie and notes there are also unmapped faults. The paper discusses how the area not only demonstrates historical significance with regard to earthquake activity, but it is a region of the nation that has recurring earthquakes on a daily basis, though small in scale.

From the Paper
"There are seven major faults in the San Francisco Bay Area. These faults become active through the "strike slip motion" of the Pacific and North American tectonic plates ("Working"). Research contends that, Although most of the present-day seismicity in Bay Area generally follows the major faults (San Andreas, Hayward-Mission Creek, Concord-Calaveras, and Antioch faults), a significant fraction occurs in the large (8 km) right-step-over region between the Calaveras and Concord faults and along the Mt. Lewis seismic zone. In addition, numerous earthquakes locate in the regions between the major faults and seismic zones and appear to lie on either the minor faults or on unmapped faults ("Bay Area"). Although these major faults have historically played a role in the major earthquakes that have affected the San Francisco Bay Area, scientists now conclude that at any time minor faults could create..."

Tags:sanfrancisco, earthquake, science