Abstract
This paper explains that the invention of the steam engine, which led to the steamboat and the steam locomotive, began mankind's technological leap forward that continues today. The author points out that, secondary to the invention of the steamboat was the locomotive steam engine, which allowed direct transportation from cities on the Atlantic Ocean to cities on the Pacific Ocean without having to traverse the Cape of Good Hope in the extreme southern hemisphere, making it more affordable to ship goods and farm products. The paper relates that public transportation was not available in the United States until after the Civil War; its availability was responsible for the creation of the suburbs.

Table of Contents
Transportation Prior to the 19th Century
The Steamboat
The Steam Wagon
Conclusion

From the Paper
"How did the invention of the steam engine change the face of American history? The United States was rich in rivers, most especially the Mississippi Rivers that connected the Great Lakes (eventually connected by the Hudson River through the Erie Canal from Chicago to Louisiana. The Louisiana Purchase would have been a poor bargain if it did not include access through the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Until the steamboat became practical, large river barges were poled by hand and smaller boats such were paddled. Both methods were highly labor intensive and slow. Sailboats were not practical outside of the oceans and Great Lakes. Even then, the vessels were dependent on prevailing winds (or lack thereof)."

Tags:steamboat, steam-locomotive, direct, public, power

Abstract
The following paper argues that there were two developments that were most important in constituting a transportation revolution: Steamboat navigation and the construction of the great canals. This paper focuses on the building of the Erie Canal which constituted a revolution in its own right. The writer asserts that it was on account of the transportation revolution of the 1815-30 period that the American economy was decisively transformed into a capitalistic one.

From the Paper
"In 1800, the United States did not lack a transport infrastructure, but it was a very poor one. With the exception of cities and towns located on the Atlantic coastline or along navigable waterways, there was literally no means of transporting agricultural produce and manufactured items to or from market centers other than country roads. These roads were unpaved, infrequently maintained and often impassable in wet weather (Taylor 15-16). A diary passage from 1817 gives some sense of their condition: "I returned from Baltimore a few days earlier. Had wet weather muddy Roads and my flour condemned" (qted. in Majewski 46). By 1860, however, America's infrastructure had so greatly improved that the country was in the throes of a major economic transformation. On the eve of the Civil War, writes Peter Way, the United States, although still largely an agricultural nation, "was competitive, market-driven and increasingly dominated by relatively large business organizations fueled by multitudes of unattached workers""

Tags:agricultural, produce, competitive, prices, health-threatening, illnesses, work-related, injuries, navigation

Abstract
This project examines the technological advances of the transportation systems in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) during the 1800s and 1900s that facilitated the economic and industrial influences that led those markets' rapid development. The paper discusses how the economic development of the US during the early 1800s and 1900s owes much to the development of the railroad as the predominant method of inland transportation during the 19th century and thereafter. The paper shows how much of the US' economic growth during this period and later was due directly to the development and the expansion of the railroad network in that market.

From the Paper
"This project examines the technological advances of the transportation systems in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) during the 1800s and 1900s that facilitated the economic and industrial influences that led those markets' rapid development. The economic development of the US during the early 1800s and 1900s owes much to the development of the railroad as the predominant method of inland transportation during the 19th century and thereafter. Much of the US' economic growth during this..."

Tags:historical, era, globalization

Abstract
The Central American country of Guatemala has benefited from its relationship with the United States through U.S. contributions to the development of its farming communities and transportation facilities, its dependency on U.S. markets for its exports, and U.S. investments and aid. It has also suffered from CIA involvement in a 1954 Guatemalan coup that preceded decades of military rule and human rights atrocities. This paper traces the relationship of the U.S. and Guatemala, specifically, the economic contributions of the United Fruit Company and how its land interests in Guatemala helped trigger U.S. involvement in the overthrow of the government.

Tags:guatemala, relationship, usa

Abstract
The Industrial Revolution turned America from a primarily agrarian nation where the ownership and harvesting of crops on rich soil made early pioneers wealthy. The paper shows that the age of the machine turned small towns into metropolitan areas, as more and more people from the countryside and especially from Europe moved to these newly formed metropolises in order to find work. While inventors were creating manufacturing, communication and transportation innovations, tenements and slums sprang up. The paper shows that in just a few short years, America, which had seen land as the most precious commodity, now became a capitalist nation.

From the Paper
"As industrialization deprived some workers of their skills and replaced them with machinery, the workers had only one way to fight back: the formation of unions. The goal of such unions went well beyond wages. They were concerned with the enormous number of deaths and injuries, the pressure exerted on workers to work long hours without overtime pay, and many unfair anti-labor decisions in the courts. So, the ultimate weapon was developed: strikes. "The largest of these was the nationwide strike of railroad workers that began in 1894 against the Pullman company in Chicago" (Zinn 77)".

Tags:manifesto, foreigners, labor, unions, capitalism

Abstract
The Commerce Clause often referred to as the Interstate Commerce Clause was adopted into Article I, Section 8, of the United States Constitution in 1787. The writer discusses the Interstate Commerce Clause and looks at how the courts have interpreted it through time. This review focuses on the early legislature and court cases that helped shape the current interpretation of the Interstate Commerce Clause. The authority to engage in interstate commerce is discussed, as well as federalism in regards to commerce. Finally the direct shipment of alcohol is analyzed as it pertains to the regulatory aspect of the Commerce Clause and the federal code that accompanies it. The writer concludes that the Commerce Clause will continue to be interpreted differently by courts in the United States.

Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Cook states that the most evident transportation under special privilege is transportation via railroad. This is because all railroads are run by corporations, therefore they need governmental authority. The author goes on to suggest there are four classes of special privilege. These classes include interference by state, whereas authority is derived from a state, by Congress whereas it is derived from a state, by a sate whereas authority is derived from Congress, and by Congress where it is derived from Congress. Out of these four classes it is only Interference by Congress, where authority is derived from Congress that it is clear that Congress can regulate transportation under conditions of special privilege. The other three classes at the time were yet to be made clear by the Supreme Court."

Tags:Congress, transportation, restriction, state

Abstract
This paper discusses the economic development of the United States during the early 1800s. In particular, the paper looks at the influence that the development of the railroad as the predominant method of inland transportation during the 19th century and thereafter had on the country's economic growth. The paper also look briefly at the sources of investment into the railways.

From the Paper
"In any event, much of the early investment dollars that led to this initial explosion in rail transportation that ended during the late 1840s was funded by foreign investors in US securities. It is estimated that stocks and bonds issued to both expand the rail lines and purchase land rights to build on were, to some degree, financed by individuals in Great Britain who lost some $200k in 1839-1840 when the transportation and land booms in the US collapsed following the 1840s (Thies 34). This was simply a market readjustment or a market correction because the rail industry quickly re-established itself as a growth industry and went on to fuel further economic growth in the much the same way it did during this early expansion period when it was founded."

Tags:transportation, industry, investment, GDP

Abstract
The paper discusses how the economic development of the United States (US) during the early 1800s owes much to the development of the railroad as the predominant method of inland transportation during the 19th century and thereafter. The paper relates that much of the US' economic growth during this period was not simply coincidental to the development and the expansion of the railroad network first in the East and then, every more gradually, to the West, but rather, almost certainly because of it.

Tags:railroad, industry, us

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that typically, Toronto and the surrounding area are not the first places to come to mind when one is considering the major global hubs throughout the world. Yet, that writer points out that because of its unique location astride the border of two sizeable nations, the United States and Canada, Toronto is certainly a global paradox of both small town mentality and cosmopolitan enterprise. The writer maintains that one primary reason Toronto has evolved into an international crossroads of sort is that from the outset its development was not impaired by any natural barriers that would have prevented early forms of commerce and transportation. The writer concludes that it is clear that, geographically speaking, Toronto is a global region to which its current social, political, and cultural apparatus is presently enhancing. The writer uses several tables and images in this paper to support the information provided.


Outline:
Overview
Economic
Urban
Social
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Clearly, Toronto's geography has facilitated its global stature as a regional centre of commerce as well as immigration."
"Toronto's population is very urban in nature. One attribute of urban, as well as suburban life is transportation and the character a city's transportation habits adopt. Toronto's population is very dependent on all facets of transportation, public and private but especially on individual transportation solutions."

Tags:town, development, commerce, region

Abstract
This paper examines how horses played a major role in the development of Canada in the era before Confederation and for some time after that date. It looks at how horses were a major means of transportation in the wild areas of Canada, how they were used to draw various forms of transportation in towns and cities and how they served as well as work animals on farms and in other capacities. It looks at how horses were a commodity and were early part of the trade settlers in Canada conducted with the United States, providing horses to buyers from the south. It also discusses how the horse served as a symbol and became a key part of various Canadian institutions, with the "mounted" section of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police being a key remainder of the importance of the horse in the past and today.

Outline
Introduction
Early Need for Horses
The Re-Introduction of the Horse
The Canadian Horse
Discussion and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Throughout North America, three staple trades helped open the northern regions to economic activity. Those staples consisted of fish, fur, and timber. Later, agricultural settlement established permanent economic, social, and political life in the new regions. Settlers discovered that what was critical for the earliest European colonies in North America was that they be reasonably self supporting in terms of food production: "Farmers 'put down roots' in ways that fur traders and timber operators did not" ("The Wheat Staple and Early Agriculture"). Agriculture is usually seen as a necessary component for economic development and as the most basic element of all. Observers of the Canadian experience state that the issue is more peculiar in the Canadian case for several reasons."

Tags:farming, transport, commodity