Abstract
This paper documents the rise and fall of the First Bank of the United States created in 1791. It describes the major criticism of the bank, how it interfered with the development of the banking system and economic growth. It explains how the Second Bank of the United States rose from the demise of the First Bank, and what caused the closure of the Second Bank.

Tags: Central bank, first bank of the united states, second bank of the united states, implied powers, constitutional law, madison, hamilton, washington, fiscal policy, inflation, veto

Abstract
This paper describes the central monetary system of the United States government in the form of the Federal Reserve Bank. The paper examines the function of the bank and it's governing members and committees. The paper details the concepts and economic responsibilities of the bank and highlights its historic policies.

From the Paper
"The major institution of centralized monetary policy in the United States is the Federal Reserve Bank ? which has been much in the news lately as it has continued to drop the discount rate. To understand why it has taken the actions that it has during this calendar year and to understand the relationship between the Federal Reserve Bank, a centralized monetary policy and fluctuations in interest we must in fact focus on the central bank ? or the Fed, as it is nearly universally called, even by those who never even think about investing in the world of high finance."

Tags: united, states, federal, reserve, bank, centralized, monetary, policy, ecomony, central, inflation, Clinton, Bush

Abstract
This paper examines the terrible disease of tuberculosis and its spread in the 18th and 19th century In Europe. It details the disease's symptoms and their treatment as well as the discovery of anti-tuberculous drugs. Furthermore, it gives a valid comparison of the prevalence of tuberculosis amongst the populations of the United States and South Korea and studies the statistical data of these two very different countries. It concludes that better living conditions can bring down the amount of people sick with TB.

From the Paper
"Tuberculosis is a communicable disease that usually affects the respiratory system but can infect any other system of the body. It is transmitted by droplet infection in the air from a person with the active disease. The pathogens are bacteria known commonly as Mycobacterium Tuberculi. Tuberculosis was a fatal disease in the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent all over Europe even in the well off classes. With the discovery of Streptomycin and other anti-tuberculous drugs, along with strict health regimens and isolation procedures the more developed nations managed to control this epidemic by the 20th century. Underdeveloped countries however were still a source of the infection and it was endemic in many third world nations."

Tags: Tuberculosis, United, States, South, Korea, HIV, disease, air, living, conditions, underdeveloped, countries

Abstract
This paper looks at the underlying trends of each population growth factor separately, particularly the immigration factor. It includes several graphs and in-depth data of the population in the United States as a whole as well as divided into sectors. It gives an historical overview of the Hispanic immigration from its origin until the present day. Finally, it concludes that the Hispanic population will continue to grow rapidly into the largest minority group due to their immigration and birth rate.

From the Paper
"Researchers in demographics have persistently foretold that the rapidly growing Hispanic population would inevitably develop into the leading minority group in the United States. Updated data released from the 2000 census reveal that this belief is fast approaching actualisation. The data indicates that America's Hispanic population grew by 58% during the 1990s, putting Hispanics practically equal with African Americans as the country's biggest minority group. Most demographers predicted that the Hispanic population would equal or exceed African Americans by 2005. But that may occur sooner than initially anticipated. (Travierso, Maria. 2001, 1) How has this approaching dominance among minorities occurred and what does this mean to the U.S. population at large?"

Tags: Hispanic, United, States, census, 2000, population, minority, demographics

Abstract
This paper examines 20th century developments pertaining to the United States and China. The paper discusses how the philosophical position of each nation acts as a guiding principle when domestic agendas are decided upon and how these in turn reflect on international relations.

From the Paper
"The United States and China have long eyed one another from across an ideological chasm that has at times appeared unbridgeable. Throughout the 20th century, domestic trends within each nation have diverged such that little common ground appeared to exist between them. Indeed for much of the 20th century, Chinese isolationism reinforced a communist agenda that did not recognize key properties intrinsic to Western society, among them religious freedom, capitalist business practices and a generally individualistic disposition."

Tags: china, united states, trade, ideology, communism, nixon, mao zedong, boxer rebellion

Abstract
This paper completes the discussion section of a dissertation on what it means to be "school ready" in the United States' educational system. Specifically, the paper states that while education has always been stressed as an important factor historically, in recent years, the actual "learning" process has emerged as a significant causal factor. The poor state of the current educational system in the United States has resulted in much criticism and reform. These criticisms and reforms have led to widespread psychological studies and research regarding best methods and learning processes. This paper gives a review of the literature in this area, indicating that the family background and social experiences of children entering early education in the current decade are very different from those entering kindergarten in prior decades. As a result, the elements of school readiness, parent training and efficacy have new definitions requiring additional research and implementation of new processes.

From the Paper
"The researchers found that children asked different and more interesting questions at home than they asked at school. Critics of the study stated that the data may have been biased, because the researchers chose to record home conversations starting with the lunch hour, because that was when mothers and daughters did the most talking. No effort was made to select the best time for recording school conversations. In addition, the fact that the intrusiveness of an observer is more likely to change the behavior of mothers than that of teachers, who are accustomed to classroom visitors, was also cited (Chance, 1985). Even with that limitation, the researcher's study results had a negative view of preschool and nursery school. This study compared two teaching methods: tutoring and group instruction. Formal education relies almost exclusively upon group instruction. Even in nursery school, children usually are taught as part of a group of five or more children (Chance, 1985). The mothers in this study, however, taught their daughters one-on-one. Critics of the study note that research has time and time again proved that the average tutored child learns more than almost all children receiving traditional group instruction. This theory even applies to the different categories of learning patterns reflected by young children."

Tags: united states, implementation experience family children, learning processes

Abstract
This paper briefly outlines the 1910 legal case, Standard Oil vs. The United States, describes the interpretation of anti-trust laws that the Supreme Courts offered in its ruling on the case and takes a look at the immediate and long-lasting effects this case has had on the oil industry. The paper also points out that, while these effects have been long-lasting and were the reason that the petroleum market has remained relatively competitive, there is evidence that the effects may be waning.

From the Paper
"In Standard Oil v. The United States, 221 U.S. 1 (1910), several corporations and independent defendants were charged with being engaged in a conspiracy to restrain "the trade and commerce in petroleum, commonly called 'crude oil,' in refined oil, and in the other products of petroleum, among the several states and territories of the United States and the District of Columbia and with foreign nations, and to monopolize the said commerce" (Id. at 31). The conspiracy was alleged to have been formed by John D. Rockefeller, William Rockefeller, and Henry M. Flagler around 1870, and to have continued until the bill was filed."

Tags: defendants, prohibited, price, fixing, limiting, production, crude, controlling, transportation

Abstract
This paper first presents general information on the education systems in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and the United States. The paper then makes a more comprehensive comparison of the education systems in Northern Ireland and the United States.

From the Paper
"The education system in the United States comes under government control, local, state and federal (U.S Department of Education). The compulsory age of entry is generally 6 and high school is generally completed at age 18. Concerning the age of entry to compulsory education in the U.S., it varies, according to the state, between 5 and 7 years of age, 6 being the most common; the age of exit varies between 16 and 18 years of age, the most common being 16. The length of primary education varies from four to seven years. According to its length it is followed (or not) by a number of years of middle school education (generally three years). Secondary education occurs in grades 7-12, depending upon the laws and policies of states and local school districts. There is no national structure, curriculum or governing law; all laws and policies are set and enforced by the 50 state governments and the over 14,000 local school districts. All states and school districts have set the secondary school graduation level as the completion of 12th grade, and the common name for the secondary graduation qualification is the High School Diploma (USNEI, 2002)."

Tags: progressive, early, age, mandatory, student, higher, learning, vocational, school

Abstract
The United States Patriot Act was passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives soon after the attacks of 9/11 and was initially designed as one of the governmental measures taken in the fight against terrorism. The author contends that the measures stipulated in the act generated massive debates over whether or not the Patriot Act abridges essential freedom. The paper examines the measures and powers given to authorities by the act. The writer discusses the effects of these measures on the United States as a democratic nation.

From the Paper
"Through the Patriot Act the US government can constantly monitor any terrorism suspect and the people that he interacts with. For example, any phone that might at one point be used by a terrorism suspect can be legally supervised indefinitely and so even those that have no relation with a terrorist suspect and simply use a public phone or accidentally come in contact with a terrorist suspect can be supervised and their phone can be monitored. The biggest concern is that the government will have easier access to personal information of any citizen and that there is no guarantee that that personal information will not be used against individuals. There is a great risk of allowing governmental agencies easy and hidden access to private information as this would permit a great amount of unwanted control of governmental agencies over private life."

Tags: power security police spy snoop investigate, civil liberties, free speech, freedom totalitarian state government

Abstract
Homelessness remains one of America's most complicated and important social issues and is a devastating experience for families. It disrupts virtually every aspect of family life, damaging the physical and emotional health of family members interfering with children's education and development and frequently resulting in the separation of family members. This paper provides an overview of causes and consequences of homelessness among three of the largest homeless population in the United States; families with children, the mentally ill and veterans.

From the Paper
"In the last 15 years, the United States has seen a tremendous growth in the percentage of the homeless population. One of the fastest growing segments of the homeless population is families with children. Families with children constitute approximately 40% of people who become homeless. A survey of 30 U.S. cities found that in 1998, children accounted for 25% of the homeless population. Families have become much more diverse than the conventional nuclear family. The make up of homeless people has also become more diverse and now includes a larger proportion of homeless families. Families have changed due to the decline in marriages, increased births outside marriage, lower birth rates, and higher rates of divorce and relationship breakdown. Homeless families include single parent families, headed mainly by women, couples with children and couples without children. The U.S. Census indicates that families, single mothers, and children make up the largest group of people who are homeless in rural areas."

Tags: causes, families, homeless, homelessness, states, united, veterans

Abstract
The paper gives a brief explanation of the Second Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. The paper discusses its history, related court interpretations and legislation. The following issues are addressed in the paper: The National Rifle Association's view on the second amendment, the rule of adherence to precedent, whether the Second Amendment applies to the federal or state level and if it protects only state militias or individual rights. The paper also looks at gun ownership and homicide rates from 1970 to1990.

Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There have been numerous cases involving the Second Amendment but not too many have made it to the law of the land, the Supreme Court of the United States. Busch (2003) discusses the major Supreme Court cases involving the Second Amendment, while focusing on the impact the United States v Emerson (as cited in Busch, 2003) case had on the right to bear arms. Busch (2003) notes that after the Supreme Court case of United States v Miller (as cited in Busch, 2003), a large part of lower federal courts interpret the protection of the Second Amendment as a collective right and not an individual right. Busch (2003) also notes that the Supreme Court has yet to clearly state whether the Second Amendment is collective or individual. A collective right means that it applies only to the federal government. An individual right means that it only applies to state government."

Tags: well regulated militia, state militias, individual rights, supreme court cases

Abstract
The end of the nineteenth century is seen as an era of trust busting under President Roosevelt and the Progressives. This was an era in which industry was subject to increasingly strict regulation in an effort to preserve the competitive marketplace. The following discussion will explore this issue: In what way and to what extent was business regulated in the United States during the nineteenth century? An issue of secondary importance will also be considered: In what way did nineteenth century regulation of business foreshadow the manner in which business is currently regulated at the beginning of the twenty-first century.

Tags: business, regulation, states

Abstract
This paper describes the lobbying process in the United States Congress. It looks at the origins of lobbying, the purpose of lobby groups, what kinds of institutions and organizations compose a lobby group, and how lobbying efforts and the lobbying process has changed over time. The paper also looks at global lobby groups and the influence that lobbyists exert on the U.S. Congress in general.

From the Paper
"Lobbying is the practice and profession of influencing governmental decisions, and is carried out by agents who represent the concerns of special interests to legislators and administrators.1 The term first originated in the 1830's, when representatives of interest groups tended to congregate in the lobbies of Congress and state legislatures, however, the term is now used in a broader sense to include attempt to influence any governmental actions.2 Lobbying in the United States today has become an accepted an ubiquitous part of the political system. Although federal and state legislators are technically representatives of geographical areas, they spend a great deal of their time with lobbyists, and at times are responding to interest groups rather than to their constituents, to the degree that legislation drafted by lobbyists is sometimes introduced."

Tags: corporations, labor, unions, public, interests, farm, alliances, financial, state, capitals, protect, further

Abstract
This paper explains that the invention of the steam engine, which led to the steamboat and the steam locomotive, began mankind's technological leap forward that continues today. The author points out that, secondary to the invention of the steamboat was the locomotive steam engine, which allowed direct transportation from cities on the Atlantic Ocean to cities on the Pacific Ocean without having to traverse the Cape of Good Hope in the extreme southern hemisphere, making it more affordable to ship goods and farm products. The paper relates that public transportation was not available in the United States until after the Civil War; its availability was responsible for the creation of the suburbs.

Table of Contents
Transportation Prior to the 19th Century
The Steamboat
The Steam Wagon
Conclusion

From the Paper
"How did the invention of the steam engine change the face of American history? The United States was rich in rivers, most especially the Mississippi Rivers that connected the Great Lakes (eventually connected by the Hudson River through the Erie Canal from Chicago to Louisiana. The Louisiana Purchase would have been a poor bargain if it did not include access through the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Until the steamboat became practical, large river barges were poled by hand and smaller boats such were paddled. Both methods were highly labor intensive and slow. Sailboats were not practical outside of the oceans and Great Lakes. Even then, the vessels were dependent on prevailing winds (or lack thereof)."

Tags: steamboat, steam-locomotive, direct, public, power

Abstract
The Commerce Clause often referred to as the Interstate Commerce Clause was adopted into Article I, Section 8, of the United States Constitution in 1787. The writer discusses the Interstate Commerce Clause and looks at how the courts have interpreted it through time. This review focuses on the early legislature and court cases that helped shape the current interpretation of the Interstate Commerce Clause. The authority to engage in interstate commerce is discussed, as well as federalism in regards to commerce. Finally the direct shipment of alcohol is analyzed as it pertains to the regulatory aspect of the Commerce Clause and the federal code that accompanies it. The writer concludes that the Commerce Clause will continue to be interpreted differently by courts in the United States.

Outline:
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Cook states that the most evident transportation under special privilege is transportation via railroad. This is because all railroads are run by corporations, therefore they need governmental authority. The author goes on to suggest there are four classes of special privilege. These classes include interference by state, whereas authority is derived from a state, by Congress whereas it is derived from a state, by a sate whereas authority is derived from Congress, and by Congress where it is derived from Congress. Out of these four classes it is only Interference by Congress, where authority is derived from Congress that it is clear that Congress can regulate transportation under conditions of special privilege. The other three classes at the time were yet to be made clear by the Supreme Court."

Tags: Congress, transportation, restriction, state