Abstract
The article "The Vicissitudes of Autonomy in Early Adolescence" (1986, by Laurence Steinberg and Susan B. Silverberg, 'Child Development') looks at young adolescents and the development of autonomy between childhood and adolescence. The paper shows that the researchers recognized that autonomy may be an umbrella term and actually consist of several different types. The paper examines how the researchers divided developing autonomy into three types: emotional, freedom from peer pressure and personal feelings of self-reliance.

From the Paper
"The researchers' findings supported their hypothesis. They found that the participants did not move simply from non-autonomous to autonomous on one continuum. Rather, as the youth moved emotionally away from parents, they transferred that emotional dependence to their peer group. This left them more susceptible to peer pressure. There were age variants: fifth graders were less susceptible to peer pressure, and so were ninth-graders. Fifth graders were more able to resist peer pressure when it involved poor choices than older students; eighth graders were the most susceptible. At all levels, girls were more autonomous than boys."

Tags:dependence, cultural, variants

Abstract
This paper looks at depression, and how this serious condition that affects a large number of adolescents. The author defines the symptoms, how adults need to recognize the warning signs, what the contributing factors are, and the various treatments available. The paper also discusses the several types of depression that affect young adults, and the importance of family and peer support.

From the Paper
"Depression is a persistent feeling of sadness. It is usually accompanied by other symptoms such as loss of sleep, loss of appetite, headaches, along with many others. There are also various types of depression. In the last few decades there has been a rise in depression, especially in teenagers. The National Mental Health Association states that depression effects one in eight adolescents in the United States, Roy , 1999. Early detection is the key in helping people with depression. Symptoms of depression can include a drastic change in personality, persistent sadness, hopelessness, irritability, agitation, withdrawal and isolation from friends and activities, changes in eating and sleeping habits, indecision, lack of concentration, forgetfulness, low self-esteem, guilt, physical complaints like headaches and stomachaches, low enthusiasm, low energy, low motivation, drug or alcohol abuse, and thoughts of suicide."

Tags:psychology, teens, suicide, physical, factors, sadness, persistent, dysthymia, chronic

Abstract
In human development, the early adulthood stage is the sixth stage of the period of development of humans. This paper looks at a few theorists and their concepts of the type of development that occurs in this stage of life. The writer concludes that in this stage, an individual learns to recognize alternative moral courses and learns to develop a personal moral code.

From the Paper
"Under the early adulthood stage, cognitive development of early adults has already reached its formal operational stage, according to Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development. Under the formal operational stage, the operational thoughts of humans are more "abstract, idealistic, and logical," and adults are no longer confined to concrete thoughts, which are the operational thoughts common among children (Santrock 2000 335). Aside from thinking abstractly, early adulthood stage brings about among humans the ability to solve problems and test solutions, which are the characteristics of hypothetical-deductive reasoning. Piaget formally defines hypothetical-deductive reasoning as "the ability to develop hypotheses, or best hunches, about ways to solve problems" (Santrock 2000 335). Piaget notes that the operational thoughts of adults in this stage is no different from adolescents' operational thoughts, but adults in the early adulthood stage have more methods and ways in approaching and solving the problems presented to them or they encounter."

Tags:morality, growth, personality, adolescence, character

Abstract
This paper defines adolescence. The author points out that growth during adolescence is divided into three stages---early, middle and late adolescence---each with their own developmental tasks. The paper relates that the most important task of adolescence is the acquisition of an identity, which is why the peer group is so essential.

From the Paper
"Adolescence is the point of development when the person makes the transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescence consists of the years from 13 to 20. According to Erikson's theory, adolescence is the time for "acquiring a sense of identity while overcoming role confusion" (Ross-Kerr & Wood, 2001, p. 162). Adolescents need greater independence but also some limits set on their behavior. As part of the transition from childhood, the adolescent needs privacy for thinking and for talking with peers."

Tags:growth, development, transitions

Abstract
"Anorexia and bulimia are marked by serious disturbances in eating behavior. Bulimia is found among nearly one-quarter (23.5%) of adolescents (Bas, Bozan & Cigerim, 2008). Obesity has increased to the point where it is an epidemic and is a serious health problem because it greatly increases the risk of diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and various cancers (Bas, et al., 2008). Patterns of disordered eating and eating disorders begin in early adolescence and evidence for the beginning of anorexia and bulimia is widespread among adolescent girls. "

From the Paper
Eating Disorders in Adolescence Introduction Anorexia and bulimia are marked by serious disturbances in eating behavior. Bulimia is found among nearly one-quarter (23.5%) of adolescents (Bas, Bozan & Cigerim, 2008). Obesity has increased to the point where it is an epidemic and is a serious health problem because it greatly increases the risk of diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and various cancers (Bas, et al., 2008). Patterns of disordered eating and eating disorders begin in early adolescence and evidence for the beginning of anorexia and bulimia is widespread among adolescent girls.

Tags:obesity, anorexia, bulimia

Abstract
This paper addresses whether or not early parental involvement in reading affects students' reading comprehension, attitude toward reading, and quantity of reading as an adolescent. The paper provides a literature review of reading achievement and what motivates kids to read and also investigates the importance of reading to children, which is followed by an analysis of the research on early literacy and its connection with reading skills and abilities. The final part of the paper discusses study design and implementation as well as data collection and analysis.


Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Research Question
Sub-questions
Null Hypothesis
Research Hypothesis
Definitions
Limitations/Delimitations
Chapter 2: Review of the Related Literature
Introduction
The Importance of Reading to Children
Reading Achievement and Motivation
Parental Involvement and Values
Early Literacy and Later Reading Achievement
Summary
Chapter 3: Procedures
Research Design
Sample Description
Instruments
Data Analysis
Calendar
Budget
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
Introduction
Discussion of Results
Summary
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
Introduction
Discussion
Summary and Future Implications
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Appendix B

From the Paper
"Parent-child interaction of story-book reading can help prepare children for the language demands of the classroom (Morgan & Goldstein, 2004). Likewise, the more children read, the more they will learn literacy and specific skills they are expected to be familiar with by the time they enter school (Levy, Gong, Hessels, Evans, & Jared, 2006). Parental guidance allows for language opportunities and development in children. According to Landry et al. (2002), "Richer verbal guidance appears to result in children developing a more advanced understanding of how to order words to make meaning, form concepts, and obtain a greater understanding of the rules of language" (p. 35). Reading aloud with children provides a foundation for language development, but it also presents a positive influence for children, develops listening skills, generates confidence, and promotes creativity in children."

Tags:comprehension, motivation, socioeconomic, status

Abstract
This paper examines how early adolescents " boys and girls aged 11 to 14 or 15 " have been described as intensely curious, observant and imitative, manipulative, expressive and generally un-inhibited and how these natural qualities open them to a number of risks, such as drinking, smoking, drugs, sex, depression, and other mental and psychological disorders. It examines the increase in teen pregnancies and venereal disease and the preventative measures being taken to educate children as early as possible. It discusses the emotional and psychological traumas of adolescents going through puberty and the problems of depression that can result.

From the Paper
"Because teen pregnancies are common among the poor, they or their families seek inexpensive or unsafe delivery systems or abortions. In some Latin American countries, it was reported that more than a third of maternal deaths directly resulted from unsafe abortions. Childbirth by young teen mothers is also often complicated and in some cases, leads to the death of either the infant or the mother or both. Or the infant has low birth weight or a high susceptibility to sickness and just dies before it reaches a year. "

Tags:teen, pregnancies, venereal, disease, depression

Abstract
This research paper addresses the question of whether the first onset of sexual intercourse can be foreseen by observing anti-social behavior, drug abuse, or other factors.

From the Paper
"There are two working hypotheses for this study: 1. The authors hypothesize that "one of the strongest predictors of early onset of sexual activity is that antisocial behavior develops in childhood and continues into adolescence," and 2. Those initiating intercourse in early, mid-, and late adolescence, or not initiating during the study period, would show differing trajectories for the predictor variables..." "

Tags:sex, drug, abuse, anti, social, adolescence, maturity

Abstract
This paper is about the effects of the media on underage drinkers. The author focuses on the television industry targeting college students and how drinking problems arise early in teenagers and adolescents.

From the Paper
'Teenagers in general are being targeted more and more every year. The alcohol-related fatalities among teenagers rise every year. If the alcohol companies would target an audience other than children this could all be prevented. Media exposure at younger and younger ages is shaping the way children are going to think. The alcohol advertising agencies are shaping the future of so many kids, with promises of a positive outcome due to drinking."

Tags:drinking, teenage, underage, adolescents, youth, alcohol

Abstract
This paper includes an extensive literature review of the role of trauma in the development of BPD, along with a clinical case study of a girl with BPD, and a transcript of an actual conversation between therapist and patient. BPD is characterized by a combination of impulsive, emotional, and cognitive deficits in personality functioning. The disorder seems to develop as a result of early childhood trauma, especially traumatic experiences related to parental neglect and abuse. Children who are classified as being highly abused tend to have greater tendencies toward developing BPD than non-abused children. This paper explores the association between childhood trauma and the development of borderline personality disorder in adult females.

From the Paper
"Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by an array of symptoms that are most prevalent in females. According to the DSM-IV, BPD is defined as: A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following: 1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment 2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation. 3. Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self. 4. Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating). 5. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior. 6. Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days). 7. Chronic feelings of emptiness. 8. Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights). 9. Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms. (American Psychiatric Association, 1995) "

Tags:abuse, adolescent, bpd, case, depression, emotional, females, instability, literature, neglect, review, study, therapy, women