Abstract
E.D. Hirsch asserts that there are basic cultural concepts and ideas that must be known in order to communicate and thrive in ones community. This paper gives a brief history of the author and analyzes his idea that modern education is a failure since it does not leave students culturally literate. The paper concludes that education should be modified to allow for intergenerational knowledge.

From the Paper
"In his book Cultural Literacy, subtitled "What Every American Needs to Know," E.D. Hirsch Jr. begins with the fact that there are certain ideas and certain facts which we all assume that other people know. When we talk to people and make certain cultural references, we expect to be understood (assuming we are speaking to someone also from this same culture, of course). In the course of his book, though, Hirsch shifts from what we expect people know to his subtitle, detailing what he believes every American should know in order to be an American citizen."

Tags:Education, America, Communication, Culture

Abstract
This paper examines how both Jerome Bruner and E.D. Hirsch, Jr. have made significant contributions to the public discourse surrounding education. It looks at how Bruner's "The Process of Education", first published in the 1960s has greatly influenced the development of today's curriculum, and how, in his book, "Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know". Hirsch argues that the current curriculum fails to provide today's students with the cultural literacy that they need to communicate effectively. It summarizes and analyzes the contribution of both of these authors and their respective works in relation to the field of educational curriculum development.

From the Paper
"Bruner notes that when students understand the structure of a subject, they can then relate this information to a large number of other things that may seem unrelated. He uses the structural concept of tropism in biology to make this point. Tropism is simply the involuntary tendency of an organism to orient toward or away from external stimuli. He notes that tropism occurs when the swarm density of locusts is related to temperature, and the movement of insects to different altitudes is related to their preferred oxygen content (thus preventing cross breeding). As such, he notes that understanding the fundamental concept of tropism allows students to understand a large number of phenomena within the biological realm."

Tags:cultural, literacy, curriculum

Abstract
An examination of two methods of teaching, backed up by ideas of leaders in the education field, showing the different ways that a student can be taught, with the pros and cons of each. The paper discusses the views of Prof. E.D. Hirsch who believes in a stronger emphasis on phonics, memorization, and the use of standardized tests to reach a more equal education for rich and poor students alike, versus the opinion of Prof. Howard Gardner who disagrees with this approach and believes that students should be taught how to answer tough critical thinking questions.

From the Paper
"Hirsch has an uncompromising style of writing. He uses many different methods to explain his view. First, he uses many different outside sources, such as a Coleman report and makes a reference to Antonio Gramsci a communist opponent of Mussolini (Hirsch 475). Secondly, he blames the current failures of the schools on the Democrats. He does this by referring to some current education trends. This helps support his view, but it comes across as mudslinging."

Tags:education, learning, methods, The, New, York, Times

Abstract
It explains the author's personal experience with D.A.R.E., how D.A.R.E. helps teach students the dangers of drugs, helps students to deal with peer pressures, and why it is necessary to teach students at such a young age. Also deals with refutations to arguments, such as it costs too much, and it teaches the students where to get drugs.

From the Paper
"It was an early Thursday morning, but for some reason, all the students in my class looked wide awake. Usually students were dragging themselves through the history lessons and cursive practice in the early mornings, but Thursdays were different. The students were all excited. They were anticipating the arrival of Officer Potnick. Officer Potnick was a huge, burly man with a deep laugh. He came in wearing his police uniform which made every student jump to attention. Also, he had a great sense of humor which helped keep the students on their toes. He taught us very important lessons about the danger of drugs."

Tags:abuse, addiction, children, criminal, elementary, issues, justice, social, students

Abstract
This paper focuses on the "Buy American" concept and its place in the economic crisis, as well as its effects on public finance policy. The paper explains that a similar measure was taken in 1929, the year the Great Economic Depression commenced; the U.S. imposed trade barriers for importers, but soon so did the other countries, and the U.S. trade balance suffered deeply as they were no longer able to support their export operations. The paper asserts that two principal problems exist with the "Buy American" concept - the economic crisis, and the proposition to stimulate the national industry to the detriment of the foreign manufacturers; the second is generated by the first and it is considered a solution, but in fact, it is a generator of additional problems. The paper concludes that excessive focus on the "Made in America" brand is actually a protectionist measure, which fosters the creation of an enclosed economy.

Outline:

Introduction and the Event
The Sources
Key Economic Concepts
Analysis with the PACED Decision-Making Model
Problem
Alternative Solutions
Evaluation of Alternatives
Decision
Public Policy Implications
Predictions
References

From the Paper
"Based on the previous stages of the PACED decision-making tool, the final decision revolves around the implementation of the second alternative. Aside the fact that it does not generate immediate results, it presents only benefits. It is also natural for the resolution to an economic crisis to not be achieved over night. In addition, to also help the population and the economic system on the short term, other strategies could be developed and combined. They could refer to a reduction in the VAT for a limited period and for the subsistence products or the reduction in taxes when purchasing a new American car, also for a limited period of time, say one year."

Tags:manufacturing, foreign, auto

Abstract
The article, "Does D.A.R.E work? An Evaluation in Rural Tennessee", discusses efforts to prevent the continued use of alcohol and drugs in adolescents. The paper discusses the theoretical content and findings of the study.

From the Paper
""Does D.A.R.E work? An Evaluation in Rural Tennessee" by Zagumny and Thompson. The purpose of this article was implied in the opening statement, referencing the current evaluation of the effectiveness of the D.A.R.E. program in a rural Tennessee school system. The authors provided an introduction to support the study, noting efforts to prevent the continued use of alcohol and drugs in adolescents. The D.A.R.E. program was presented along with previous related findings regarding outcomes. Mixed..."

Tags:alcohol, drugs, school system, D.A.R.E., adolescents

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the most significant manifestation of the war on drugs, that is the "Drug Abuse Resistance Education", or D.A.R.E. organization, a non-profit entity founded by Daryl Gates, the Los Angeles Police chief, in 1983. The writer discusses how this organization aims to tackle drug abuse. The writer notes that within D.A.R.E. children and youth are informed of the exact consequences of their actions, while at the same time, presented with the responsibility to consciously make a choice with the best possible consequences. In this essay, the writer discusses various reactions and effects of the D.A.R.E. program.

Table of Contents:
The Problem
Today's Drug Issue
What Works?
Both Sides of the Line
Key Players
Conflicting Side(s)
Policy Points
Confronting Changes
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Drug Abuse ranks first in the 1980s survey. Today, in response to reported increases of drug use and abuse problem among the youth of the United States, the Government has declared a "war" on drugs. The most significant manifestation of this war is the "Drug Abuse Resistance Education", or D.A.R.E., organization, a non-profit entity founded by Daryl Gates, the Los Angeles Police chief, in 1983. During this time, approximately 25,000 police officers were trained to teach DARE. Forty-four other countries reportedly utilize DARE programs. DARE activities range from includes "visitation" lessons where police officers present brief lessons to students in kindergarten through fourth grade."

Tags:program, usage, police, enforcement

Abstract
The paper discusses the mission of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) program that is focused on providing school children with incentives to choose against the use of drugs. The paper describes the issue in general and explores who exactly the key players are in the issue. The paper notes how the children being taught, their parents, educators, the government and the police force all play a significant role not only in the success, but also in the perpetuation of the program. The paper examines the criticism against the program in some detail and also considers the financial aspect of the D.A.R.E. effort. The paper concludes that the money spent should be applied to programs that measure in actual effectiveness rather than popularity.

Outline:
Summary
History and Overview of the Issue
The Key Players
The Conflicting Side(s)
Relevant Policy
Policy Impact
The Budgeting Issue

From the Paper
"In response to the perceived increase of the drug use and abuse problem among the youth of the United States, the Government has declared a "war" on drugs. The most significant manifestation of this war is the "Drug Abuse Resistance Education", or D.A.R.E., organization. This non-profit entity was founded by Daryl Gates, the Los Angeles Police chief, in 1983. The organization focuses on school and youth programs. These programs discourage the use of drugs by means of information regarding the effects and dangers of substance abuse (City of Manhattan Beach Police, 2005)."

Tags:schools, youth, substance, abuse

Abstract
This paper proposes research into the D.A.R.E. program which was formulated in 1983 with a view to reduce the rate of crime and drug use in American schools. The paper calls for a need to research this program due to the conflicting results of studies done on the effectiveness of the program, as well as the high cost involved in implementing D.A.R.E. The paper also proposes research methodology which will be used in the examination.

From the Paper
"The research in this area is also important because of the conflicting views circulating about DARE's effectiveness. While some declare DARE to be a completely useless program, there are still some schools, which have reported positive results. For example in the state of Ohio, a study was conducted with 3,000 11th grade students and it was found that they had all been positively influenced by the DARE program. Misleading information can cause economic as well as social problems. OHIO students and teachers were of the view that DARE program did bring positive changes in the attitude of the youth towards drug use as some of them became more careful and peer resistance also increased. But it was also found that the youth that was already using drugs did not quit because of DARE messages."

Tags:Ohio, DARE, marijuana

Abstract
This paper explores the reasons why the D.A.R.E. Program should not be eliminated from the curriculum in the face of strong statistical evidence that it is not effective in preventing drug abuse. The paper demonstrates the positive contributions of the program in spite of its ambiguous results. The paper contends that in the absence of an effective proven alternative, it is best to continue with even a slightly effective method to prevent drug abuse.

From the Paper
"The question is posed, in light of seemingly overwhelming evidence of its ineffectiveness, why not abolish the D.A.R.E. Program? There are several reasons as why not to abolish the program, the least of which is the statistical data that supports the supposition that the program does not reduce the incidences of drug abuse by the students that participate. However, the program is profoundly popular with parents and supporters of the schools and continues to garner near religious support for its continued inclusion in the school curriculum. Exposure to the course material is not shown to be harmful or increase the instances of drug use. Further, the cancellation a drug awareness program just might send the wrong message to the students."

Tags:curriculum, police, law, enforcement