Abstract
This paper begins with a definition of body dysmorphic disorder and focuses on BDD as it relates to men. The paper continues to highlight muscle dysmorphia and the factors that contribute to the development of body dysmorphic disorder in men. In conclusion it explores treatment of the disorder.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Men
Factors that Influence the Development of BDD in Men
Treatments for BDD in Men
Diagnosing BDD in Men
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Although body dysmorphic disorder was once mostly confined to women, the disorder is now extremely prevalent in males. According to Phillips & Castle (2001) recent studies have indicated that an increasing number of men are also dissatisfied with their bodies. One study even revealed that 43% of men were not satisfied with their bodies (Phillips & Castle 2001). In addition, Phillips & Castle (2001) asserts that percentage of males with a negative body image has tripled in the past 25 years. Research also reveals that men are just as likely to be dissatisfied with their appearance as women are (Phillips & Castle 2001). "

Tags:negative, body, image, men, muscle

Abstract
The writer of this paper details the symptoms as well as the media's contribution to body dysmorphic disorder, also known as distorted body image. Body dysmorphic disorder has become a tremendous problem in today's society due to the barrage of negative messages sent to women by the media. This paper discusses the effect of the media, in all its forms - television, radio, print advertising, internet, etc., which has an enormous influence on what people deem as attractive in today's society. The unnecessary emphasis the media places on appearance tends to adversely affect the mental and physical health of those it comes in contact with. Body dysmorphic disorder can lead to damaged self-esteem, depression, and eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. This paper details the manner in which advertisers place heavy emphasis on physical appearance as a means of selling products. Too often in doing so, unnecessary pressure is placed on women to conform to unrealistic and oftentimes, unhealthy standards of beauty.

From the Paper
"Women want someone they can relate to. The Body Shop, a supplier of natural beauty products, offered a much-needed change from the typical message provided by advertisers; "There are three billion women who don't look like supermodels, and only eight who do. The Australian magazine New Woman included a picture of a heavy-set model on its cover recently. This action produced a lot of positive comments from the magazine's female readers. Despite this fact, advertisers threatened to pull their sponsorship. This shows that advertisers know what they are doing when they include a woman whose body is unattainable to society at large."

Tags:body, disorder, dysmorphic, image, media, women, anorexia, marketing, advertising, media, bulimia

Abstract
This paper explains how the DSM-IV offers diagnostic categories and classifications for the use of identifying and diagnosing mental disorders. It goes on to discuss anxiety disorders, mood and affective disorders, dissociative disorders, and somatoform disorders, as well as the possible classifications and symptoms under these categories. In addition to explaining the disorders as per the DSM-IV, a specific disorder within each category is broken down and explained in biological, cognitive, behavioral and emotional terms.

Outline:
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Mood and Affective Disorders
Cyclothymic Disorder
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Amnesia
Somatoform Disorders
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Conclusion

From the Paper
''The DSM-IV offers diagnostic categories and classifications for the use of identifying and diagnosing mental disorders (Hansell Damour, 2008). This paper will specifically cover anxiety disorders, mood and affective disorders, dissociative disorders, and somatoform disorders, as well as the possible classifications and symptoms under these categories. In addition to explaining the disorders as per the DSM-IV, a specific disorder within each category will be broken down and explained in biological, cognitive, behavioral and emotional terms.
''The difference between fear and anxiety is that fear is geared toward something specific such as a place or an object, while anxiety is more of a general feeling of apprehension about the future (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Some of the disorders that can grow out of excessive anxiety within a person are: obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While both fear and anxiety are both very natural occurrences in people, when these sensations are felt in an extreme sense there is the real possibility of an anxiety disorder. According to the Office of the Surgeon General (n.d.), "Anxiety, which may be understood as the pathological counterpart of normal fear, is manifest by disturbances of mood, as well as of thinking, behavior, and physiological activity" (Anxiety Disorders, para. 1).''

Tags:anxiety, fear, diagnostic

Abstract
This paper deals with the nursing aspects of working in an outpatient capacity with young patients suffering from various levels of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. It analyzes the literature on OCD treatment from a number of perspectives and from the relatively benign, such as fear of flying, to life-threatening, such as anorexia.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, Sertraline, and Their Combination for Children and Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
A Narrative Approach to Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Self-Injurious Behavior: A Bi-Modal Treatment Approach to Working with Adolescent Females
Measurement of Nonclinical Personality Characteristics of Women with Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa
Conclusion

From the Paper
"SSRI's have helped to transform OCD treatment for many with mild- to moderate OCD syndromes. This metastudy looked at the literature which pertains to pediatric and adolescent sufferers of OCD, which is a helpful expansion from earlier clinical work done on SSRI's with adults. The meta-study looked exclusively at well-conducted clinical trials, which were randomized, double-blinded, limited to patients 19 or under, and had a placebo or other sort of control. The study does not indicate whether all patients were analyzed on a prospective rather than a retrospective basis, which would be an additional claim of objectivity.
In all, the meta-study included 12 studies with 1,044 participants, an average of 87 patients per study. Given that four SSRI's were evaluated, it is difficult to draw statistically-significant conclusions from these studies--many were simply underpowered, with some n's as low as 21, 7 and 11. This meta-study calculated a "fail-safe N," a number below which negative data would disprove the conclusions; this author would argue that the total number of participants was too close to the fail-safe N to be able to draw statistically valid conclusions."

Tags:fundamental, clinical, placebo

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at social phobia, which is a surprisingly common disorder. According to the paper, social phobia causes serious impairment for many people. It further points out that more research is now being done, and more is understood about the causes of the disorder. Researchers are realizing that the disorder is often associated with body dysmorphic disorder, as well as many other mental disorders.

From the Paper
"Social phobia is a surprisingly common disorder that causes serious impairment for many people. It is not very well understood, but more research is now being done, and more is understood about the causes of the disorder. Researchers are realizing that the disorder is often associated with other disorders, such as body dysmorphic disorder, as well as many other mental disorders. These combinations can cause even more severe social impairment for people. Fortunately, some interesting work is being done with potential cures for this disorder."

Tags:phobia, social, cure

Abstract
The paper describes Laron syndrome as an autosomal recessive disorder, which results in an insensitivity to growth hormone (GH). The paper explains that this disorder is a result of a mutation in the GH receptor gene (GHR), which arises from deletions, nonsense, frame shift, missense, and splice site mutations, located in the extracellular domain of the GHR resulting in abnormal processing or inability to bind ligands, or truncation. The paper further explains that the phenotypic expression of this mutation is characterized by a short stature, facial dysmorphism, truncal obesity delayed puberty, recurrent hypoglycemia, low serum insulin - like growth factor I (IGF-I), elevated serum GH, absent, low, or dysfunctional serum GH binding protein (GHBP), and resistance to GH (Zhou 13215).

From the Paper
"Laron syndrome is described as an autosomal recessive disorder, which results in an insensitivity to growth hormone (GH). This disorder is a result of a mutation in the GH receptor gene (GHR), which arises from deletions, nonsense, frame shift, missense, and splice site mutations, located in the extracellular domain of the GHR, resulting in abnormal processing or inability to bind ligands, or truncation. The phenotypic expression of this mutation is characterized by a short stature, facial dysmorphism, truncal obesity delayed puberty, recurrent hypoglycemia, low serum insulin - like growth factor I (IGF-I), elevated serum GH, absent,..."

Tags:laron, gh, igf, i