Abstract This paper gives a description of the current theories of dyslexia, the problems it poses for teachers, and some ideas for using technology to help dyslexics learn to read and write. It gives an overview of voice-speech recognition technology and the Bright Solutions Dyslexia method. Additionally, the paper provides a resource guide to obtaining information on and purchasing the teaching aids described.
From the Paper "Dyslexia is an inherited condition which makes it difficult to read, write and spell even though the sufferer may have normal or above average intelligence. The National Institute of Health (NIH) recognizes that one in five children suffers from some form of dyslexia, making it the most common of all known learning disabilities. It is characterized by difficulties in word decoding, reflecting, and insufficient phonological processing ability often manifested by difficulties in writing and spelling. The International Dyslexia Association (IDA) considers dyslexia as a neurologically based..."
Abstract An overview of dyslexia examining the symptoms and signs of this disability. The paper explains what it is, how it affects those affected by it and what can be done to help students who suffer from it. This paper introduces teachers unfamiliar with dyslexia to the most basic characteristics of this disability and describes methods which have proven to be most effective in helping dyslexic students succeed.
From the Paper "Dyslexia is a disability which affects up to fifteen percent of all Americans (Hurford 33). It is very important that every teacher have at least a basic knowledge of this disability and receive training on ways in which they can help students who are affected by it, since it is very likely that all teachers will encounter at least a few students who are dyslexic (Hurford 33). It is particularly important for teachers to be familiar with ways in which to help dyslexic students become efficient readers because reading and reading comprehension affect nearly ninety percent of a student's studies (Goldberg et al 6).".
Abstract A look at dyslexia and the effect it has on the lives of children and adults. The paper also analyzes the treatments that are currently available, what the limitations are of people with this syndrome and how much they would benefit from these treatments.
From the Paper "Dyslexia is a syndrome affecting over forty million American children and adults. Many people with dyslexia realize quite early that they are not like their peers. Their learning and coordination complications often lead to ridicule or self-recrimination. That will also lead them to feel dumb and depressed-isolated. As a result, one can only wonder just how many potential creative geniuses. There are some pro and cons of dyslexia. Some of the cons are some people with grow up to be underemployed adults, shunted into routine, dead-end occupations for life. Some have difficulties maintaining families and raising children properly. Many drift into drugs and alcohol even crime. "
Abstract This paper discusses the manifestations of dyslexia, a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin. The paper explains that it is characterized by difficulties with accurate word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. The paper focuses on visual problems and auditory problems in reading, visual disturbance of text, reversals, mirror images, auditory problems, and spelling issues. A critical evaluation of the relevant literature is presented, including an explanation of models and theories. The paper offers suggestions for treatment of dyslexia.
Outline
Introduction
Critical Evaluation of the Available Literature
Specific Signs and Symptoms of Dyslexia in Childhood
Treatments for Dyslexic Children
Potential Hazards of Untreated Childhood Dyslexia Specific Problems of Adults with Dyslexia Treatments for Dyslexic Adults
Four Main Theories of Dyslexia Phonological Deficit Theory
Magnocellular Theory
Cerebellar Theory
Double Deficit Theory
Irlen Syndrome (IS)
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper "Additional childhood symptoms of Dyslexia may include, but are not limited to, difficulties with learning to read (often characterized by confusion between letters like "b"; "d"; "p", and "q") (What is Dyslexia (2005); bizarre reading and spelling (Dyslexia symptoms and Dyslexia signs (2005); poor eye-hand coordination; and poor handwriting (The nature of Dyslexia 2005). Other difficulties may include kinetic clumsiness; directional confusion; sequencing difficulties; handwriting difficulties (such as poor-quality handwriting and/or the mixing of printed and cursive letters); and poor motor coordination (The nature of Dyslexia; Dyslexia symptoms and dyslexia signs). Moreover, children with Dyslexia symptoms can be, and often are, badly misunderstood, and underestimated at school, by their teachers and their peers alike. This is why it is important to understand that Dyslexia is not so much a disability or a handicap (although its symptoms can easily lead to the perception, among Dyslexic individuals themselves, and others, that it is exactly that) as it is "a kind of mind. Very often it is a gifted mind, but it is a mind that is physiologically different. This brain difference is not a defect, but it makes learning language excessively hard" (What is dyslexia? 2005)."
Abstract This paper reviews how findings and concepts from psychology are used or might be used to promote children's learning in an educational setting. It critically analyzes various theoretical perspectives and approaches adopted by educationalists and psychologists for helping students with dyslexia.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview of Dyslexia Review of Teaching Methods and Psychological Interventions: Dyslexia Educators Views on Dyslexia Psychological and Theoretical Perspectives on Dyslexia
From the Paper "Using this line of thinking, Hartmann suggests that it is not appropriate for students to focus or concentrate on one thing in the classroom, but rather to survive must concentrate on multiple areas to achieve. This is consistently different according to Hartmann, than the approach of farmers who generally need "to plan ahead, concentrate on a single task at hand and cooperate with others to sow and reap" (Politt, et al., p. 32). Farmers attend to details "with patience and tolerance, developing the ability to reflect and reason" (Politt, et al., p. 32). The researchers go on to conclude that most children are born with "a hunter personality" and grow into adults who need to develop more traits of a "farmer" to survive; to achieve this educators must stop using negative terms including "deficit and disorder" to diagnose and define students with learning disabilities and must instead adopt more flexible strategies and "think visually" or enable students to record incidents in multiple ways including "pictorially rather than verbally" in order to facilitate the transition from "hunter to farmer" (Politt et al., p. 32). "
Abstract This paper explains that, even through scientists started researching this disorder in the 1880s, to this day, they are still unsure of what causes dyslexia; they have a good idea of some of the potential causes such as genetic factors, emotional problems and defects of the nervous system. The author points out that dyslexia, which can occur at any level of intellectual ability, is not the result of poor motivation, emotional disturbance, sensory impairment or lack of opportunities but it may occur alongside any of these. The paper stresses that teaching methods are a big part of coping with dyslexia and there are many programs that are designed specifically for people with dyslexia; the paper describes the sunflower method, Neuro Linguistic Programming and the multi-sensory method of learning.
From the Paper "Identifying a child with dyslexia often takes a lot of time and tests. Many cases can often not be identified until the child is ten years of age. The reason for this is because a ten year old with dyslexia would only be able to read a few words or maybe a small sentence. Some studies have shown that monitoring responses of infant sounds could determine whether or not a person is going to develop dyslexia or not. Researchers have precisely picked 92% of dyslexics out of 186 children who were monitored 36 hours after their birth. After these conclusions were made, every two years until the child reached the age of eight, the children underwent a series of IQ and comprehension tests. This method, however, is not completely accurate."
Abstract This paper relates how the author developed a meaningful friendship with a dyslexic boy, who had been labeled "stupid" and who subsequently dropped out of school. Once they are close friends, the boy explains his difficulty with reading to the author. The author describes what dyslexia entails and provides statistics on Americans who have dyslexia or other learning disabilities. The association of dyslexia with stupidity often makes it difficult for a child to develop friendships, and the workplace is not much kinder to dyslexic adults. The author cites some examples of people who have had successful careers in spite of their dyslexia, and concludes that what dyslexic people need is love and support to help them overcome their disability.
From the Paper "Heather Hardie, citing dyslexia expert Sylvia Moody, writes that dyslexia is simply difficulty with writing and reading, which may stem from short-term memory weakness, faulty information processing, and weak perceptual, spatial and motor skills. A dyslexic, therefore, can have problems with poor concentration and poor memory. It may manifest subtly, like when a child is slow in reading certain words, but reads them correctly; or it may be severe and obvious like in Evan's case. Dr. Moody adds that a dyslexic may exhibit other symptoms and problems like bouts of forgetfulness, difficulties in organization and in keeping time."
Abstract The paper discusses dyslexia, an extremely prevalent mental disorder that affects people's ability to read, and often, having further impacted their lives and self-images, can severely hinder their lives. It includes a commentary on the diagnosis, effects, treatment, and the consequences of those living with dyslexia, showing that dyslexic people can only be treated by the time, effort, and love of friends and family. It also provides an overview of the three different forms of dyslexia: mild, moderate, and severe.
From the Paper "One very prominent situation dyslexics face are self-esteem issues (Moragne). One may find themselves trying extremely hard academically, only to fail to meet their parents? goals. They are often chastised for what adults think is wrong-doing. In actuality, these problems cannot be corrected without the help of professionals. To boost self-esteem, dyslexics should set very mild goals. Becoming a world renowned athlete is not a worthy goal to try. Perhaps making the baseball team would be an achievable goal. Everyone in this world, dyslexic or not, likes the feeling of succeeding (Moragne 75). The more a dyslexic succeeds, the better he will feel about himself, hence the making of achievable goals."
Tags: disorder, esteem, linguistic, mental, self, social
Abstract This paper explains that Neglect Dyslexia occurs when letters and numbers are ignored or cast aside in the process of reading. The paper uses the article, "Neglect Dyslexia And Early Visual Processing Of Letters In Words and Nonwords?, by Ellis, Flude and Young, as a reference. The writer explains how the process of reading normally takes place and what goes wrong in order to create dyslexia.
From the Paper "The process of reading has been found to have a predetermined order of components. First, letter forms are identified and the position encoded and then an orthographic lexicon or understanding is developed for familiar words so that word identification is immediately followed by definition or understanding. The third component is a matter of identifying letter strings as familiar or unfamiliar then translated into phonemes by which pronunciation is attempted in stages or though identification and translation using familiar words and fragments."
Abstract This paper begins by explaining that dyslexia is a learning disorder whereby the brains of people with dyslexia are wired differently, making it difficult for them to break the letters of written words into the distinct sounds (or phonemes) of their language. The paper also discusses the prevalence of dyslexia among the learning disabled and then takes a more involved look at the different developmental reading methods available for teaching children suffering from this disorder.
From the Paper "Through use of the linguistic method, individuals with dyslexia benefit greatly from being taught language structure expressly. Many teachers are under-prepared to teach language processes and structures to children with language-based learning problems. A gain on education has been advocated by many experts, which stresses language knowledge as the groundwork for literacy instruction. This method uses a "whole word" approach. Words are taught in word families, or related spelling patterns, and only as whole words. The student is not immediately taught the relationship between letters and sounds, but learns them via slight word differences. As the child progresses, words that have unorthodox spellings are introduced as sight words. This approach has been shown to have far-reaching success in the reading comprehension ability of dyslexic students."
Abstract The paper discusses the subject of dyslexia using R. Temple's "Your Child - Dyslexia - Practical and Easy-to-Follow Advice" as a resource for information. The paper first provides a brief summary of the book and then goes on to discuss the book's coverage of the causes, symptoms, and interventions of dyslexia. The paper concludes with the writer's evaluation of Temple's book, stating that she would recommend it because she felt that it raised some interesting points but also caused her to think beyond the material presented and into the broader context of her world.
From the Paper "Current research is focused on: proving that the brain structure of dyslexics is different from that of non-dyslexics; finding a gene that causes dyslexia; comparing the accuracy of different models for explaining dyslexia; and explaining how dyslexics differ from non-dyslexics in processing information in the brain. Temple states that there is "no standard, objective, commonly-agreed-upon set of criteria for dyslexia presently available."
Abstract This paper presents a literature review that reveals the various complexities associated with dyslexia. The paper emphasizes the importance of detecting a dyslexia condition in the early period of its formation and that, upon detection, the dyslexic person should immediately undergo treatments such as aggressive linguistic development before he or she reaches secondary education.
Table of Contents:
What is Dyslexia Literature Review
Dyslexics: Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Differences and Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper "Unfortunately, scientific inquiries and long-term observations on literacy skills of dyslexics fail to point out the main cause of the condition. The causes have been often linked to a number of unfavorable conditions involving mental capacities and functions. Some of these are problems in memory storage capacity, processing, and retrieval. Many also point out that difficulties and sequencing and hand and eye and ear coordination also heightens the risks for dyslexia."
Abstract This paper describes the characteristics, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and causes of dyslexia and then dispels the myth that dyslexia is an affliction of the genius.
From the Paper "Although there is no recognized single definition of dyslexia, it generally refers to a condition in which there is a marked and often chronic inability to read fluently. It is also known as a "specific reading disability" or a ?specific language disorder.? Most researchers have suggested that dyslexia can affect people with varying levels of intensity, i.e., some are more severely affected than others; hence it is difficult to estimate the exact percentage of population that is afflicted by the disorder. However, according to most estimates, 10 to 20 percent of the world's population is thought to show some signs of dyslexia . Dyslexia is usually identified during childhood, but it continues to affect individuals throughout their lives."
Abstract The paper discusses the condition known as dyslexia and explains the problem. The paper shows that recent research has highlighted that dyslexia is caused by specific gene configuration and abnormalities in the human brain, yet no one presently can agree to exactly why this disorder occurs. The paper discusses the resulting problems such as learning difficulties, reading and sociability and comments on the remedial assistance that is offered to sufferers.
From the Paper "Not surprisingly, a good number of people with dyslexia experience various problems related to the psychological nature of the disorder. First of all, some individuals exhibit aggressive behavior in the form of exerting power over others or engaging in violent activities,
either at home or in a school environment. This aggression may be linked to feelings of inadequacy or low esteem, due to being excluded from certain groups because of dyslexia. Also, some individuals may experience symptoms of withdrawal, due to "finding it difficult to respond to their disability in a positive manner; also, children with dyslexia may intentionally avoid any and all contact with persons outside of their immediate families, such as teachers, school principals and other educational staff members" (Doyle, 145-46). On occasion, children (and even adults) may experience periods of deep depression, due to their inability to fully comprehend that most of their peers do not have dyslexia. Generally speaking, the symptoms of dyslexia may include feelings of sadness, loneliness and isolation, sleep disturbances and complaints of being bored."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed examination of dyslexia. The writer conducts an exploration of the disorder, how it is diagnosed, and how it is treated or worked with. The writer examines several treatment options and discusses their strengths and weaknesses. Including a very in-depth annoted bibliography.
From the Paper "Within the last few decades the education of student with special education needs has come al long way. Currently the law provides for students who have special needs to be educated with their peers in the least restrictive environment. One of the most common learning disabilities is dyslexia. Dyslexia has been studied for years as to its cause and content and teaching students with dyslexia has been analyzed for the purpose of finding the best way to accomplish the task. "
