Abstract
This paper comments that, while living in cities provides obvious benefits such as art and culture, access to food and medicine and trade, there is an adverse effect as well. The paper refers to a number of articles by Brechin, Pena, and Foster, among others, who all write on the subject. The writer concludes that, while each article may have some value, the reality is that we do live in cities and, at least in the foreseeable future, will continue to do so.

From the Paper
"There must be few citizens of the 21st century - at least few who are citizens of both the 21st century and the First World - who do not view the city as a problematic accomplishment of humanity. Certainly, cities are the highest expression of human civilization, at least in some ways: They support the flourishing of the arts and culture, of haute cuisine and high-tech medicine, of universities and research labs. But cities are also the expressions of the worst that humans have created, both in terms of how we treat each other and in terms of how we treat the planet, as the readings that we are examining for this paper argue. The city is many things, but it is and always has been essentially a site of commerce, and the basing of relationships upon commercial grounds is never unproblematic."

Tags:consumer, community, public, farming, california, mexico

Abstract
In this article, the writer presents a short summary of Tao Qian's "Returning to Dwell in Gardens and Fields I" in relation to Owen's remarks on doubleness and the hidden nature in Chinese poetry of the time. The writer discusses that the narrator explains his having lived more than one life, his choice of what remained from the past, a hidden magistrate among peasants, the location presumed to be the unifier in that it allows Peace.

Tags:time, subject, double, space, as, unifier

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses "Returning to Dwell in Gardens and Fields I," written by Tao Qian. It describes his work as an elegant and rather autobiographical poem and describes the context in which Qian wrote it. The paper discusses the content of Qian's poetry and the messages that are revealed through it to the contemporary reader.

From the Paper
"As Owen expressed it, the mistake might be made, the poem seems to be saying, of mistaking Tao Qian for a farmer, for he may be seen to work at clearing scrub from the edges of his property, but he explains in the poem that he does not compare himself to the farmers, or to the officials known in the cities, so much as he speaks to humanity or understanding persons, of whatever origin, who might sense the reasons for his choice and departure from a town life that others might very much covet. (See Mirror 234) His poem has done as Tao Qian feels he must, in explaining himself. He writes as though knowing his reader will understand, perhaps a person like himself faced with similar realizations, or having made similar choices. The whole idea of true nature is debatable in that the poet argues he belongs where he was in youth whereas other readers will argue that as a self-conscious farmer, able to describe his present life in relation to something else, that Tao Qian is forever differentiated. As Owen points out, Tao Qian stresses the unity of the self and of the chosen role but even these give away his doubleness, the reader learning how to presume nothing from surfaces and wondering "how inner and outer can be brought together, again." (Mirror 79)"

Tags:autobiography, aristocracy, peasants, farmer

Abstract
This paper provides a description of the early and later architectural designs of the Roman houses, villas, and apartments. The author offers a historic view of the designs found in excavations and on mosaics and discusses the social relevance of certain architectural designs.

From the Paper
"Architecture was outstanding among the Roman arts. Many of the outward forms of Roman architecture were taken over from the Greeks. It was through Rome that these forms became the common language of a great part of the tradition of western architecture. Connections between Greek houses and Roman ones provide important context both for Roman villas planned around peristyles as well as for the luxuriousness of the decoration and contents of late republican and early imperial houses and villas. This Greek luxury was a matter of some ambivalence for the Romans. Certain members of the Roman elite were eager to emulate the model of Hellenistic taste as found in Greek palaces of the fourth century B.C. and later (Robertson, 1986). But there has been a change of attitude about Hellenistic influence on architecture, painting, and mosaics: scholars are now stressing the ready naturalization of Greek art and ideas in the Roman context rather than using Roman art to reconstruct a hypothetical Hellenistic original (Jones, 2001)."

Tags:architecture, excavation, hadrian, mosaic, ostia, pompeii, roman, villa

Abstract
This paper explains the increasing phenomena of urban sprawl. The paper begins by trying to define what urban living is and concludes that it is a movement of segmented civilization away from a steadily de-popularized city center, into new, but nearby, insular developments that,nonetheless, rely on and interact with the mother city to a degree that serves to distinguish them from being entirely new, city-type entities. The writer uses the neighborhood of Hough in Cleveland as a typical example of an urban area and shows the make-up and design of this type of area. The paper includes a discussion of the issues that affect urban life, including race, politics, social issues, economic issues, and education.

From the Paper
"The colors of urban sprawl are undeniably clear, visible from even casual experience and from statistics. Not all the number laundering in the world can hide the fact that the majority of those left in the urban centers are poor and black, and that the majority in the new suburbs are upper-class and white, and that the middle suburbs show a largely segregated gradient. The easiest conclusion to draw is the one drawn by many activists and social critics suggesting that the white majority oppresses and segregates the black minority to keep them poor. One might easily assume that the driving force in urban sprawl was the desire to keep cities segregated. "In reality the residential mosaic is shaped in part by a combination of economic forces and group preferences, and it is simplistic to assume the driving force to be clearly racial animus." (Clark, 3) However, race is a huge consideration in the creation of urban sprawl."

Tags:housing, race, politics, social, school, home, parent, jobs

From the Paper
"The Long-Horned Sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus)
The sculpins, or cottids, are a widespread family. The fish live near the sea floor. Perhaps they are most easily recognized by their eyes. These are large, and placed high on the head. To some, the cottids may appear strange-looking, or even ugly. Nonetheless, the fish are important ecologically. The long-horned variety, Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus, is an unremarkable sculpin.

Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus belongs to the phylum Chordata, the subphylum Vertebrata, and the superclass Gnathostomata. A ray-finned fish, M. octodecimspinosus is also a member of the class Actinopterygii. The species further belongs in the division Teleostei, the subdivision Euteleostei, the superorder Acanthopterygii, and the order Scorpaeniformes (Nelson.."

Abstract
The paper looks at how in his book, "When Brothers Dwell Together: The Preeminence of Younger Siblings in the Hebrew Bible", Frederick E. Greenspahn explores the unusual fact that many of the Bible's great heroes are not oldest children, despite the preference the culture seems to place upon them. The paper describes how Greenspahn gives the story of the Patriarch Joseph as a prime example of this phenomenon.

From the Paper
"In his book, "When Brothers Dwell Together: The Preeminence of Younger Siblings in the Hebrew Bible", Frederick E. Greenspahn explores the unusual fact that many of the Bible's great heroes are not oldest children, despite the preference the culture seems to place upon them. The story of the Patriarch Joseph is a prime example of this phenomenon. Joseph is portrayed as a character that is innocent, virtuous, loyal to God and consequently is at the mercy of the events of his life. It is..."

Tags:bible, old, testement, literature, joseph, patriarch, younger, sibling, egypt

Abstract
The paper discusses how Claude S. Fischer's ethnographic study "To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City" argues with the findings of Georg Simmel and the sociologists of the Chicago School who felt that urban life had detrimental effects on the well being of the vast majority of citizens in the United States. The paper explains Fischer's essential argument that urbanism produces a different style of life, but has no visible effect on one's quality of life. The paper further explains his theory of subcultures that shows that urban environments offer more opportunities of social exchange and networking than rural environments. The paper also asserts that while Fischer's analysis is useful, with the advent of Internet we must ponder the nature of urban life from a more contemporary perspective.

From the Paper
"Fischer sharply disagrees with earlier findings on the detrimental effects that urban life has on its inhabitants. Based on his research, he draws the conclusion that whereas urban life may have once been distinguishable from rural life, at the time of his writing (the early 1980s), those differences had been nearly erased. There was no longer any such thing as "urban life" or "rural life," Fischer concludes - just a national life. The extent to which people in American society differed from one another was not rooted in where they lived, but in other factors - particularly their level of education and income, as it is these two factors that seem to have the biggest influence on the extent of one's social network."

Tags:Marx, advertising, culture, interaction

Abstract
This paper examines the techniques employed by Emily Dickinson in the poems "I Dwell in Possibility" and "They Shut me up in Prose." The paper examines the author's background as an orthodox Calvinist and examines the effect that her childhood religious influences had on her poetry. The essay makes the point that Dickinson's poetry was often a vehicle for her criticisms about organized religion and the role of the church. Both poems are cited within the essay.

From the Paper
"The limitlessness of the imagination is symbolized in both poems by metaphors that represent the power of creativity and how it can be spiritually enlightening. By relating the ordinary to the extraordinary, Dickinson shows the power of the mind to see beyond the mundane and find deeper meaning within it. The house in "I dwell in Possibility-" is portrayed as ethereal and divine. The roof is "Everlasting" and it has "Gambrels of the Sky" (7 - 8). The roof is described as being impossibly tall, reaching up towards the sky, symbolic of the imagination's ability to find spirituality within everyday existence. In the poem, she also is figuratively able to hold Heaven in her hands: "The spreading wide my narrow Hands/ to gather Paradise - "(11 - 12)."

Tags:analysis, calvinist, church, creativity, dickinson, emily, image, poetry, puritan, recluse, religion, rhyme

Abstract
The writer examines Heidegger's view of architecture in terms of his talismanic building, dwelling and thinking. The writer discusses Heidegger's poetics as the building blocks for the world and the loss of the world in modern times. In this paper, the writer studies what Heidegger means by "building," "dwelling" and "thinking."

From the Paper
"In order to understand Heidegger's view of architecture and its role in society, it is important first of all to understand what Heidegger has to say about technology, as well as his talismanic approach to construction. This construction needs to be recognized not so much as a literal constructing of objects in the physical world, but rather as a way of looking at that world-and as a way of using that world so that human beings become part of the world rather ... "

Tags:Heidegger, philosophy, dwelling, building, thinking, phenomenology, architecture