Abstract
This philosophical study analyzes two of Kant's categorical imperatives, which define why they cannot justify the War in Iraq. The writer maintains that in Kant's third imperative or "action" on moral duty, the primary function of long-term warfare for the safety of American citizens cannot justify why America led a preemptive war against a sovereign nation. Also, the writer notes that the 'selfless' nature of Kant's fourth imperative defines a higher loyalty above materialism and personal gain, which was falsely engineered for the invasion through the guise of supporting global democracy and national security in the aftermath of the invasion. The writer concludes that, in essence, Kant's third and fourth moral imperatives define the action and sense of duty that simply cannot justify the War in Iraq and its highly immoral implications for American foreign policy.

From the Paper
"This aspect of the boundaries of duty and inclination are much more difficult to discern, as they are separate but not without the greater appearance of duty making the merchant look far more honest on the exterior. Kant was aware of these types of motivations of a person in relation to using reason to discern personal desire, which would eventually result in the merchant making a great deal of personal wealth out of a behavior that appeared socially honest and moral. The crucial blend of a selfish personal interest and the veneer of national security helped to promote a war that was false and immoral along Kant's own categorization of duty. Kant would ultimately agree with this principle, due to the exterior factors that made it appear as if Hussein was developing these weapons. In this manner, Kant would find this 'action' immoral due to the more selfish reasons for invading a sovereign country unilaterally under the pretense of national security."

Tags:loyalty, action, national, security, duty

Abstract
The paper takes the three works and breaks them down in such a way that the concepts of happiness, morality and duty are discussed from the point of view of the author. The paper shows how each author expressed his ideology regarding the three concepts differently; Gandhi through his inaction which was an action, Lessing through his plays and creating works that perpetuated a higher calling for life on earth and Palmer and Wallis through a collage of people's experiences.

From the Paper
"Mahatma Gandhi is the father of civil disobedience. He prescribed to the ideology that the ends did not justify the means; in fact, it is the means that were the most important. At an early age Gandhi embraced non-violence and truth--these moral absolutes became his charge in life. In Hind Swaraj Gandhi writes "The means may be likened to a seed, the end to a tree; and there is just the same inviolable connection between the means and the end as there is between the seed and the tree" (Gandhi 115). In this quote Gandhi accentuates the importance of the means versus the result. The analogy of the seed and the tree serve to show the reader that without a..."

Tags:morality, duty, happiness

Abstract
This paper is a book review and evaluation of "The Way of Duty" by Buel & Buel, based on a quotation from the book's preface.

From the Paper
"In their book "The Way of Duty" about the life of Mary Fish Silliman, the Buels make the statement; "The culture that bred her had given her a view of life that was essentially religious, and her ability to yield to change without surrendering that essence made her a powerful force for the transmission of traditional values across the gulf that separated the founders of America from those who achieved America's independence." This statement encapsulates the..."

Tags:The Way of Duty, Buel, hardship, religion, Christian

Abstract
This paper explains that, in England, the principle of 'duty of care' is an essential ingredient in torts and imposes liability on persons who breach the same in a contract under the tort law. The author points out that 'duty of care' stands as one of the most basic foundations of this law and is unavoidable. The paper then elaborates and throws light on what exactly the principle means and holds, and enumerates various instances where a standard degree of duty or care is expected to be adhered to.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Hypothesis
General Instances of Duty and Care
Duty of Care and Product Liability
Changing Perspective with regard to Product Liability
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Suppliers of goods, both retailers and wholesalers have been held accountable when their function exceeded the purview of mere distribution. For example, a car dealer selling vehicles reconditioned by him (Herschtal vs. Stewart and Ardern Ltd. [1940 1 KB 155]), a retail chemist (Kubach vs. Hollands [1937] 3 All ER 907) who failed to examine the manufacturer's directives to test the product before labeling it, were both found to be liable to injured customers. The term 'products' would include not only food and drink, but any product which is used for domestic purposes."

Tags:liability, accountable, negligence, contract, victim

Abstract
The paper analyzes the psychological dictates of self and duty in the Victorian patriarchal household of "A Doll's House" by Henrik Ibsen. The paper discusses how one of the conflicting aspects of the play involves Nora questioning her duty to her husband, Torvald, but it is the feminist duty to self that truly forces her to leave. The paper explains that the Freudian aspects of penis envy in relation to her unconscious rebellion, relate her identity as a housewife.

From the Paper
"This drama analysis will examine the nature of psychology and the self in regards to Nora's departure from Torvald in the play "A Doll's House" by Henrik Ibsen. The paper shows the other aspects of sociological and personal reasons for Nora's departure and Nora's lack of self-identity in a Freudian psychological perspective. However, it is Nora's sense of self as a feminist that has her reject her sense of patriarchal `duty' to her tyrannical husband. In essence, this analysis will focus on the duty to self versus duty to others conflict that arises within the psychological issues that arise within Ibsen's "A Doll's House." In regards to the feminist `self', Nora can be seen as a social rebel to the patriarchal social norms of her times."

Tags:ibsen, play, feminism

Abstract
The paper discusses how Patterson (1996) states that since the time of Plato there has been the contention that those within society have a moral and obedience related duty to obey the law (p. 465). However, the paper discusses how Patterson (1996) further contends that this belief has been subjected to the scrutiny of duty and obeying the law when it does not interfere with duties that are considered more important than legal proclamations (p. 465).

From the Paper
"Political authority consists of a bundle of rights that are independent of any correlative obligation to obey the law. Patterson (1996) states that since the time of Plato there has been the contention that those within society have a moral and obedience related duty to obey the law (p. 465). However, Patterson (1996) further contends that this belief has been subjected to the scrutiny of duty and obeying the law when it does not interfere with duties that are considered more important than legal proclamations (p. 465). In other words, some philosophers have concluded that obeying the law is normally the..."

Tags:locke, philosophy, law

Abstract
The paper discusses the premise that natural duty - the right of citizens to obey the laws of the land - is enough to explain the moral relationship of individuals to the laws of a 'fundamentally just' society. However, the paper shows how Jeremy Waldron seems to embrace the idea that individuals should only embrace laws for practical reasons: if one does not subordinate oneself to an impartial state tribunal, then violence will inevitably follow. The paper highlights the problems with this view and asserts that John Rawls appears to offer a better defense of the role of natural duty in shaping the interaction of people with the laws of the state.

From the Paper
"The following paper will discuss the premise that natural duty - the right of citizens to obey the laws of the land - is enough to explain the moral relationship of individuals to the laws of a `fundamentally just' society. For the most part, this makes sense: if the laws are just, then individuals should obey them as a matter of conscience. However, Jeremy Waldron seems to embrace the idea that individuals should only embrace laws for practical reasons: if one does not subordinate oneself to an impartial state tribunal, then violence will inevitably follow."

Tags:moral, relation, law

Abstract
The paper examines "Duty: A Father, His Son and the Man who Won the War" and explains that Greene's purpose in writing this book was to help a younger generation understand the men and women that helped fight World War II. The paper describes how the book is also a memoir about the author's own father and Paul Tibbets, the man who flew the Enola Gay and dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. The paper focuses on how Greene provides an emotional look at the man who dropped the atomic bomb, the reasons he did it and the sense of duty he had toward his country and his job.

From the Paper
"This book is not meant to be a detailed history of World War II. Instead, it is an intimate look into the lives of two men who fought in the war, and representative of thousands like them across the country. He writes, "No generation has ever given its children a stuffier and more reliable safety net than the one our parents' generation gave to us" (Greene 11). This is the meat of the book, and the ultimate theme of this work. As a history book, it would fail to meet its goals, but as an introduction to the people who fought and won World War II, it is totally reliable, credible, and serves a unique purpose. It introduces a generation of children to their parents and grandparents, allowing them to understand just what they accomplished and what it has meant to our own generation. It is extremely effective in introducing the reader to a generation of people they would never experience on their own."

Tags:Paul, Tibbets, Enola, Gay, Hiroshima, sacrifice

Abstract
This paper examines and compares Mahatma Gandhi's work, "Hind Swaraj", Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's play, "Nathan the Wise", and Svetlana Palmer and Sara Wallis' book, "Intimate Voices from the First World War", in an effort to explore how these philosophers viewed issues of morality, happiness, and duty. After examining each of the works, the paper poses the question, "is there happiness in fulfilling ones duty?". The paper then answers that each man has to determine that for himself.

From the Paper
"Gandhi was a true believer in the laws of karma. Causation and retribution he believed linked all people together. He believed that through an action there is personal growth and moral awareness. Gandhi firmly believed that man reaps what he sows. One of his most famous quotes reflecting how man should behave is as follows: "An eye for an eye is a terrible way to blind the world." How does this relate to happiness, duty and morality? Morality is easy to see in Gandhi's ideology."

Tags:non-violence country friendship sacrifice, free will

Abstract
This paper is an historical analysis, tracing the progress of the concept of the duty of care, and analysing how its function has changed from pre-1932 ["Donoghue v Stevenson"], to present. It provides an insightful discussion into the relationship between the duty of care and the rule of privity of contract and also discusses how the courts use this concept to secure results which they think are circumstance.

From the Paper
"And so, post Anns v Murphy, we see the Courts becoming more open about the application of policy in determining the presence of a Duty of Care*; In Hill, no duty was held to exist primarily because of the public policy consideration in relation to defensive policing [although there was also the issue of remoteness]. In CAPARO INDUSTRIES PLC v DICKMAN [1990], this general overtness was manifested by a test that to impose a duty would be 'fair, just and reasonable' in the circumstances. In MARK RICH & CO AG v BISHOP ROCK MARINE LTD, 'THE NICHOLAS H' [1995], the House of Lords, in finding that a marine survey society should not owe a duty of care to a shipowner, upheld a unanimous Court of Appeal decision that the tripartite test for establishing a duty of care promulgated in CAPARO was now to be of universal application."

Tags:anns, caparo, concept, contract, donoghue, function, law, mark, merton, rich, stevenson, tort