Abstract This paper discusses the important duties of a school principal. The paper explains that the expanding number of duties principals must deal with include managerial and administrative tasks, hiring and retaining teachers, ensuring overall safety of schools, raising funds and ensuring state requirements are met.
From the Paper "One of the primary challenges confronted by school principals is the ever-expanding number of duties that require a tremendous investment of time and effort. Apart from dealing with managerial and administrative tasks, school principals, in recent years, are also being trained to take on the position of instructional leaders.
Abstract This philosophical study analyzes two of Kant's categorical imperatives, which define why they cannot justify the War in Iraq. The writer maintains that in Kant's third imperative or "action" on moral duty, the primary function of long-term warfare for the safety of American citizens cannot justify why America led a preemptive war against a sovereign nation. Also, the writer notes that the 'selfless' nature of Kant's fourth imperative defines a higher loyalty above materialism and personal gain, which was falsely engineered for the invasion through the guise of supporting global democracy and national security in the aftermath of the invasion. The writer concludes that, in essence, Kant's third and fourth moral imperatives define the action and sense of duty that simply cannot justify the War in Iraq and its highly immoral implications for American foreign policy.
From the Paper "This aspect of the boundaries of duty and inclination are much more difficult to discern, as they are separate but not without the greater appearance of duty making the merchant look far more honest on the exterior. Kant was aware of these types of motivations of a person in relation to using reason to discern personal desire, which would eventually result in the merchant making a great deal of personal wealth out of a behavior that appeared socially honest and moral. The crucial blend of a selfish personal interest and the veneer of national security helped to promote a war that was false and immoral along Kant's own categorization of duty. Kant would ultimately agree with this principle, due to the exterior factors that made it appear as if Hussein was developing these weapons. In this manner, Kant would find this 'action' immoral due to the more selfish reasons for invading a sovereign country unilaterally under the pretense of national security."
Abstract This paper explains that, in England, the principle of 'duty of care' is an essential ingredient in torts and imposes liability on persons who breach the same in a contract under the tort law. The author points out that 'duty of care' stands as one of the most basic foundations of this law and is unavoidable. The paper then elaborates and throws light on what exactly the principle means and holds, and enumerates various instances where a standard degree of duty or care is expected to be adhered to.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Hypothesis
General Instances of Duty and Care
Duty of Care and Product Liability
Changing Perspective with regard to Product Liability
Conclusion
From the Paper "Suppliers of goods, both retailers and wholesalers have been held accountable when their function exceeded the purview of mere distribution. For example, a car dealer selling vehicles reconditioned by him (Herschtal vs. Stewart and Ardern Ltd. [1940 1 KB 155]), a retail chemist (Kubach vs. Hollands [1937] 3 All ER 907) who failed to examine the manufacturer's directives to test the product before labeling it, were both found to be liable to injured customers. The term 'products' would include not only food and drink, but any product which is used for domestic purposes."
Abstract The common law assembly including tort, contract and unjust enrichment provide several remedies for a breach of an obligation or duty. This paper examines how the laws relating to fiduciary duties demand specific attention and discusses why they should be placed under a separate sub-category of the law. It attempts to show how the Courts desperately need to consider whether the concept should be a strictly unified one thereby making the categories highly limited, or if fiduciary duties are capable of arising in so many circumstances that a limited concept would not be utilitarian, if indeed socially acceptable.
Outline
Introduction
Equity's Approach to the Concept of a Fiduciary Relationship
Fiduciary Duties, the House of Lords and the Maxims of Equitable Doctrines
Conclusion
From the Paper "In 1992 the Law Commission conducted a report to examine whether English Law adequately protects the individuals to whom a fiduciary duty is owed and if privately enforceable fiduciary duties as opposed to mere regulations are stipulated sufficiently clear to practitioners as well as natural legal persons. Its findings were not surprising. It highlighted the vagueness of what constitutes a fiduciary relationship, and despite the categorisation of particular instances where a bona fide obligation arises, 'there has been no clear, universal test accepted in cases for classifying these particular relationships as fiduciary'. The common acceptance and nature of the five categories of fiduciary relationships, however, are not entirely defined nor closed; but is instead described as a 'flexible category' which extends the scope of obligations arising from fiduciary relationships."
Abstract The paper analyzes the psychological dictates of self and duty in the Victorian patriarchal household of "A Doll's House" by Henrik Ibsen. The paper discusses how one of the conflicting aspects of the play involves Nora questioning her duty to her husband, Torvald, but it is the feminist duty to self that truly forces her to leave. The paper explains that the Freudian aspects of penis envy in relation to her unconscious rebellion, relate her identity as a housewife.
From the Paper "This drama analysis will examine the nature of psychology and the self in regards to Nora's departure from Torvald in the play "A Doll's House" by Henrik Ibsen. The paper shows the other aspects of sociological and personal reasons for Nora's departure and Nora's lack of self-identity in a Freudian psychological perspective. However, it is Nora's sense of self as a feminist that has her reject her sense of patriarchal 'duty' to her tyrannical husband. In essence, this analysis will focus on the duty to self versus duty to others conflict that arises within the psychological issues that arise within Ibsen's "A Doll's House." In regards to the feminist 'self', Nora can be seen as a social rebel to the patriarchal social norms of her times."
Abstract The paper discusses utilitarianism, an ethical philosophy which holds that the right course of action is the course of action which provides the greatest good. The paper then looks at deontological ethics that believes a person has certain duties which he should carry out. The paper looks at Immanuel Kant's deontological beliefs of moral duties and discusses how duty requires a defense lawyer to zealously represent the defendant even if he/she knows that a client is guilty and believes that if the client is not imprisoned, he/she will commit more crimes. The paper further explains that an attorney is required to not take a case in which he cannot give zealous representation.
From the Paper "Utilitarianism is an ethical philosophy which holds that the right course of action is the course of action which provides the greatest good or the greatest number. As articulated by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, this ethic holds that the two controlling emotions in life are pleasure and pain. Man prefers pleasure. Thus, for the isolated individual, an action producing pleasure is good; an action producing pain is bad. For a person in society, an action is good if the pleasure felt by all those affected is greater than the pain felt by those affected. (Hollinger 2002, pp. 32-33; Bentham, 1949; Mill, 1979)"
Abstract This paper looks at Kant's use of deontological ethics - moral obligation, or duties that a person must perform to lead a peaceful existence. The author discusses the law of Traditional Duty Theory and problems with the theory.
From the Paper "All duties to others are the most basic since this must follows the mandate of natural law that we are to be sociable. Towards God, we have a theoretical duty to know the existence and nature of God and a practical duty to worship God, both internally and externally.
Towards ourselves, we have duties of the soul which means developing one's skills and talents and duties of the body which means not neglecting our bodies through gluttony or drunkenness and not killing oneself.
Concerning duties towards others these are ?divided into absolute duties which are binding on people and conditional duties which are the result of contract between people. Absolute duties should be to avoid wronging others, treating people as equals and promoting the good of others. First of the rules is to keep one's promises."
Abstract Subsidies and countervailing duties have a lot of importance where different countries are concerned. This is especially true of countries that are just developing. Third World development is becoming very important today, and many of the multilateral trade negotiations that are taking place are changing the prospects for these countries. It is important, therefore, to look at these trade negotiations and what they will do to the subsidies and countervailing duties for many of these countries. For purposes of this paper, the United States and Canada and any subsidies that they give are not examined. Instead, the focus is on countries that are in the Third World and that are just developing. The scope of the paper looks at these Third World countries and the multilateral trade negotiations that they deal with in order to help determine the prospects that they have for continued growth.
From the Paper "Even though this seems somewhat unfair, it actually is not because many of these countries are still finding their way when it comes to trade agreements, subsidies, and countervailing duties. They must be allowed more freedom so that they are able to find ways to make use of many of the tariffs that they have and the subsidies that have not either been banned or restricted. This will help them to continue their goal of promoting development within their nations. It seems as though there may soon be further restrictions placed on them when multinational trade negotiations are looked at once again. In order to help avoid the problems that would come from this, the Third World countries should act now to exercise the autonomy that they currently have. If they do not, they may soon lose this autonomy and be even more restricted them they are now."
An in-depth paper which calls on the Jewish religion to stop focusing on animal rights and to start focusing on human duties and obligations towards animals.
Abstract This paper explores an alternative to fighting for animal rights, and instead advocates for a system of human duties and obligations based on Jewish Law. The paper analyzes the way Jewish law views cruelty to animals, the environment, and the obligation to take care of one's health. Jewish Law lays out a system of positive obligations that Man has towards animals, the environment, and his own health.
I. Introduction
II. Jewish Law and the Environment
A. The World and All in It Belongs To G-d and Man Is Responsible For Preserving It All
B. Animals Are Important to G-d
C. Bal Tashchit - The Prohibition on Wanton Destruction
D. Environmental Effects of Producing So Much Meat
III. Animals in Jewish Law
A. Animals as Property
B. Tza'ar Ba'aley Chayim and Positive Acts of Kindness
IV. Jewish Law and Health
A. The Importance of Maintaining Health in Jewish Law
B. Health and Vegetarianism
V. The Misunderstanding of the Importance Of Meat In Judaism
VI. Rabbis and Vegetarianism
VII. A Modern System of Duties and Obligations
A. Eating Meat and Dairy Products
B. Hunting, Trapping, and Furs
C. Animals in Entertainment
D. Animal Experimentation
E. Wildlife Conservation
VIII. Conclusion
From the Paper "We often talk about protecting animals and giving them their rights. Animal rights' activists argue about which rights are due to animals and which rights to animals are due to human beings. I argue that this dialogue is unhelpful to animals, just as it is unhelpful to human beings. Rather than argue about rights, I contend that we should construct a system of duties and obligations under which human beings will have varied responsibilities towards animals. Such a system already exists under Jewish law, a system devoid of human rights and animal rights, but rich with human responsibility and obligations towards mankind, animals, and the environment."
Abstract This paper is an historical analysis, tracing the progress of the concept of the duty of care, and analysing how its function has changed from pre-1932 ["Donoghue v Stevenson"], to present. It provides an insightful discussion into the relationship between the duty of care and the rule of privity of contract and also discusses how the courts use this concept to secure results which they think are circumstance.
From the Paper "And so, post Anns v Murphy, we see the Courts becoming more open about the application of policy in determining the presence of a Duty of Care*; In Hill, no duty was held to exist primarily because of the public policy consideration in relation to defensive policing [although there was also the issue of remoteness]. In CAPARO INDUSTRIES PLC v DICKMAN [1990], this general overtness was manifested by a test that to impose a duty would be 'fair, just and reasonable' in the circumstances. In MARK RICH & CO AG v BISHOP ROCK MARINE LTD, 'THE NICHOLAS H' [1995], the House of Lords, in finding that a marine survey society should not owe a duty of care to a shipowner, upheld a unanimous Court of Appeal decision that the tripartite test for establishing a duty of care promulgated in CAPARO was now to be of universal application."
Explores issues of morality, happiness, and duty through the writings of Mahatma Gandhi, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Svetlana Palmer, and Sarah Wallis.
Abstract This paper examines and compares Mahatma Gandhi's work, "Hind Swaraj", Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's play, "Nathan the Wise", and Svetlana Palmer and Sara Wallis' book, "Intimate Voices from the First World War", in an effort to explore how these philosophers viewed issues of morality, happiness, and duty. After examining each of the works, the paper poses the question, "is there happiness in fulfilling ones duty?". The paper then answers that each man has to determine that for himself.
From the Paper "Gandhi was a true believer in the laws of karma. Causation and retribution he believed linked all people together. He believed that through an action there is personal growth and moral awareness. Gandhi firmly believed that man reaps what he sows. One of his most famous quotes reflecting how man should behave is as follows: "An eye for an eye is a terrible way to blind the world." How does this relate to happiness, duty and morality? Morality is easy to see in Gandhi's ideology."
Tags: non-violence country friendship sacrifice, free will
Abstract This paper examines the case of the manager of ABC Apartments misusing the key to one of their apartments by raping a tenant after using a spare key to enter her apartment. The paper describes the facts of the case and looks at landlord-tenant liability and duty of care. The paper then examines causation and the basis of ABC Apartment's liability in the case.
Table of Contents:
Facts
Duty of Care
Causation
Identifying the Basis of ABC Apartment's Liability
From the Paper "Ordinarily, vicarious liability of employers is predicated on the common law principle of respondeat superior, pursuant to which employers are responsible for harms caused by their employees by virtue of the employer's failure to properly supervise or train them (Halbert & Ingulli 2000). In addition, many states have established precedents imposing an affirmative duty on the part of employers to safeguard their employees, tenants, and the general public from criminal conduct perpetrated by their employees. Minnesota, in particular, has dealt with the same factual circumstances raised by the ABC Apartment case; California and several other states have specific statutes defining additional liability for negligence in hiring and in the retention of employees who are unfit or otherwise unsuitable for their positions. (Feliu & Johnson 2002)."
Abstract The paper examines "Duty: A Father, His Son and the Man who Won the War" and explains that Greene's purpose in writing this book was to help a younger generation understand the men and women that helped fight World War II. The paper describes how the book is also a memoir about the author's own father and Paul Tibbets, the man who flew the Enola Gay and dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. The paper focuses on how Greene provides an emotional look at the man who dropped the atomic bomb, the reasons he did it and the sense of duty he had toward his country and his job.
From the Paper "This book is not meant to be a detailed history of World War II. Instead, it is an intimate look into the lives of two men who fought in the war, and representative of thousands like them across the country. He writes, "No generation has ever given its children a stuffier and more reliable safety net than the one our parents' generation gave to us" (Greene 11). This is the meat of the book, and the ultimate theme of this work. As a history book, it would fail to meet its goals, but as an introduction to the people who fought and won World War II, it is totally reliable, credible, and serves a unique purpose. It introduces a generation of children to their parents and grandparents, allowing them to understand just what they accomplished and what it has meant to our own generation. It is extremely effective in introducing the reader to a generation of people they would never experience on their own."
Abstract This paper addresses the themes of duty, pride, and honor as are found in Homer's epic poems of the Iliad, as well as their appearances in the other classic works of the period. The manifestations of Homer's themes as are found in Virgil's "Aeneid", Plato's "Crito", and Sophocle's Antigone all demonstrate that Homer had a significant influence on shaping the perceptions of thought in ancient Greece and Rome.
Abstract The laws governing duty of care on school and university grounds are numerous and this paper touches on a partial listing of the subject in relation to culpability of universities in tortuous suits. It examines how the administrator of a university campus must be clear and concise in knowing and translating the information to the employees under the administrators supervision as well as to the students via the student handbook if tortious lawsuits due to wrongful action or neglect are to be avoided on the school grounds or university campus.
Outline
Objective
Introduction
Background of Violence and Crimes on University and School Campuses
Youth Violence: Implications for Schools - Universities
Review of Statistical Data
Student's Responsibilities in School Safety
School-Teacher-Staff-Management Responsibilities in School Safety
Miscellaneous
Title IX and Athletes
Injuries in School-College, Specifically in Laboratories
Negligence
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Federal Trade Commission Regulations
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The event that compelled college universities to maintain security on campuses was the Kent State University event on April 20, 1970, when students gathered for a protest resulted in the ROTC building being burned to the ground. The fire department arrived and the students took the fire hoses forcefully from the firemen. By noon the National Guard ordered the students to break up the gathering and the students responded by throwing objects at the guard. A guardsman, believing he had heard sniper fire began shooting his M1 .30-06 into the group and other guardsmen began firing as well. The country was thrown into a hot outrage over the student's deaths. "
