Abstract
This paper explores the argument that the Tiananmen Square Massacre constituted an international crime and furthermore that it constituted genocide. This paper argues that it was not genocide and that it was not even an international crime, in the sense of a crime that impacts all humanity. Rather, it was a domestic response to a domestic situation. The paper claims that it was certainly a questionable response. However, it was an internal Chinese situation, not an international crime.

From the Paper
"It has been argued that the Tiananmen Square Massacre constituted an international crime, and furthermore that it constituted genocide. This paper will argue that it was not genocide, and furthermore that it was not even an international crime, in the sense of a crime that impacts all humanity. Rather, it was a domestic response to a domestic situation. It was certainly a questionable response. However, it was an internal Chinese situation, not an international crime. Furthermore, it was consistent with long-established ways in which the Chinese state has dealt with internal unrest. Punishing China for its ..."

Tags:tiananmen, square, china

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion about the incident at Tian An Men Square that is often referred to as a massacre. We are taken on an exploratory look at the events leading up to the massacre as well as the event itself. We then discuss the way the event has affected the Chinese people and its society.

Tags:ASIAN STUDIES / CHINA, tian an men square

Abstract
This paper outlines the history Trafalgar Square and how it came to be, as well as its importance to England's people and politics. The paper explains Trafalgar Square's importance to the layout of the city of London and looks at how one of its original secondary purposes was to be part of a fire break line. Additionally, the paper looks at how Trafalgar Square contributes to the ability of the people to thrive within the city on an ongoing basis. A timeline is included with the paper.

Outline:
The History of Trafalgar Square
A Timeline of Trafalgar Square
The Battle of Trafalgar
The Idea Behind the Square
The Architect
Walking the Square
Reinventing Trafalgar
Trafalgar Square Survives Obsolescence

From the Paper
"The center of the square houses a large column with a statue of Captain Nelson at the top. The bronze lions surrounding Nelson's column are said to be made from the cannons of the ships the British Fleet captured during the battle (Wikipedia), and, I'm sure, makes it hard for anyone who sits on them to forget where they came from. The square was designed to draw attention to the column with a large area for seating or strolling available. Two fountains with statuary of mermen, mermaids, and dolphins made of bronze (Urban) adorn the square. The fountains were added in 1845 and remodeled in 1939 by Lutyens (Urban)."

Tags:Napoleon, architecture, Battle, Admiral, Horatio, Nelson, John, Nash

Abstract
The paper discusses the Union Square Cafe, a 5,600 square-foot restaurant in Manhattan, as a new breed of American eatery that paired imaginative food and wine with caring hospitality, comfortable surroundings and exceptional value. The paper outlines the costs involved in the renovation of the restaurant and highlights how they were a sound business investment. The paper details the design, furnishing and lighting of the cafe and asserts that the Union Square Cafe is a huge success today, part of which can be attributed back to the design team that created it.

From the Paper
"The entry into Union Square Cafe has high ceilings and an archway that can be seen from the street. This casual area sets the tone for a comfortable and elegant dining experience. Once inside, customers are either brought to their tables or to the bar. The bar area represents 25 percent of the ground level and is the core of the space. There are three distinct areas that are used for dining. There is a low-ceiling intimate room that is a few steps down past the maitre d area, a dining area in the rear, and the popular mezzanine space that overlooks the rear dining area. These intimate dining areas create a personal sense of space so that each customer feels at home. Meyer says that he opted for a few less seats than could actually fit into the space and opted to space the tables further apart in order to provide a more comfortable environment for both the guests and the staff. The flow of customers and staff in the dining areas appears to work well for everyone involved, including the management staff."

Tags:lighting, furnishings, waiters, bar, tables, kitchen

Abstract
The paper reveals that the Tiananmen Square protest and its suppression meant different things to different people. The paper discusses how some Chinese were dissatisfied by what the Chinese Community Party government had been able to achieve, while some opposed a still oppressive government. The paper discusses how for American and other right-wing Western observers, Tiananmen Square seemed to show a predictable Chinese push for democratic reform, as they were certain that millions who lived in the People's Republic of China (PRC) 'obviously' wanted more freedom. The paper shows how this was not accurate, since demands for civil liberties would drop if the PRC could bring fast economic growth.

Outline:
Introduction
A Democratic Demand?
Tiananmen Square
Varied Results
Who were the Demonstrators?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Communist state's crackdown after the Tiananmen Square gathering of more than one million persons, some of them demanding democratic reforms, caught the interest of many followers of the People's Republic of China (PRC). American and other journalists, along with scholars, assumed that the Chinese had had enough of Communist rule as fitted in with Cold War ideas of democracy and capitalism as inevitable, as people would always want them, and the government that refused democratic reform holding its people back. This paper explains that this was not quite what was shown at Tiananmen Square or in its aftermath of state repression."

Tags:communism, democracy, capitalism, demonstration, reforms, suppression

Abstract
The paper discusses how the Tiananmen Square demonstrations of 1989 eventually brought a CCP crackdown that induced much discussion in the West and in Hong Kong. The paper shows how the Tiananmen Square movement was not altogether democratic, though demanding reforms of the government. The paper argues that capitalist growth in China has not solved the problem of Chinese poverty and predicts that the next 10 or 20 years will feature new agitation.

Tags:1989 tiananmen, perceptions, west/hk

Abstract
This paper provides a review and analysis of Henry James' novel "Washington Square", which is about a young heiress who fights with her father over his belief that her suitor is a fortune hunter. The analysis focuses on the symbolism and meaning of the "Washington Square" of the title.

From the Paper
"In Henry James' 'Washington Square' the author provides us with the complex and antagonistic relationship between Catherine Sloper and her father Dr Sloper. Having lost his wife and son, Dr. Sloper lives with his daughter in the fashionable Washington Square district of New York. Washington Square symbolizes where Dr. Sloper made his name having become a local celebrity.When a young fortune hunter named Morris Townsend courts Catherine, Dr. Sloper informs his daughter he will disinherit her if she marries the man. Townsend rejects..."

Tags:prison, patriarchy, inheritance, socialites, doctors, reputation, family relations, Morris, Catherine, Dr. Sloper

Abstract
This paper represents a proposal for research concerning issues to be addressed in the current re-design process for Nathan Phillips Square, the setting for Toronto's City Hall and an iconic work of modern urban architecture. The paper points out that this redesign process is in response to a consensus that has been reached by city politicians and leading civic officials that the existing design of the square was not only flawed in its multiple revisions over time since the original construction, but also no longer reflects the urban vision of 21st century Toronto. The paper concludes that qualitative research methods used to gain insights into the views of neighbours of the space towards the redesign project would be invaluable in determining who would be likely users of the space, how should it operate within the Toronto community, and the most important design elements of the project.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methods
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It is clear that in carrying out this research into the redesign of Nathan Phillips Square it would be necessary to consult with a diverse range of stakeholders. One major insight from the literature review is that often one research method is inadequate to fully explore all of the issues involved in a project as complex and politically and socially sensitive as the redesign of Toronto's icon Nathan Phillips Square. Three methods would be particularly effective given the nature of the project: ethnographic/participant analysis, qualitative interviewing, and focus groups."

Tags:urban, architecture, design, public, construction

Abstract
This paper looks at Victory Square Park, a corner of land bordered in between West Hastings and West Pender Street in Vancouver. It examines how the location was once famous for being Vancouver's provincial courthouse which was torn down between 1911 and 1916 and reopened on West Georgia Street in the building now known as the Art Gallery. It discusses how the area is historic in great part because of its location, how it contains the war memorial the Cenotaph and how it was once the heart of the city's financial and legal activity. The paper also includes photos of the Square.

From the Paper
"However, the Square is famous for much more than the Cenotaph. It was once the heart of the city's financial and legal activity: the Vancouver curb exchange operated across the road on Hastings Street; the Inns of Court structure, a rather rustic looking building next to what was once called Courthouse Square, was the centre for adjutant legal services; the Oddfellows Hall (now called the Army, Navy and Air Force Veterans Hall) was stationed south of the Inns of Court; most of the city's major banks were headquartered around the Square; the city's shopping district was positioned along nearby Hastings Street; to the south of the Square was the Central School (now Vancouver College); the city's main hospital stood nearby; and before the Courthouse's demolition major newspapers such as The Province, Sun and Dominion were set up around the periphery, though they no longer operate in this location today."

Tags:courthouse, Cenotaph

Abstract
This paper discusses possible definitions for the term "urban" as it is used in urban studies. The paper particularly focuses on the term in relation to Toronto. The paper shows how Canada has tried to solve the debate of the definition of "urban," by creating definitions based on population size and population density. It discusses the pros and cons of such a definition and provides examples to illustrate the points made.

From the Paper
"The perfect example of this argument is the Dundas Square
in Toronto. This public space was built in response to economic, political and social relationships that had developed in that area of Toronto. As a result a physical space was constructed that was a symbolic representation of these relationships. After the space was built new social, economic and political relationships were established in and around this space. This included new businesses, a different use of the space itself and a number of other activities that did not occur in this area before Dundas Square was built."

Tags:population density, Dundas Square, rural