Abstract
This paper examines how the 1988 race led to increased attention focused on the impact of negative advertising, and showed the damage that these ads could do to a candidate. It looks at six different advertising campaigns from the race between Bush v. Dukakis and concludes that while Dukakis' ads were often compelling, they most often came too late, forcing Dukakis to defend himself rather than advance his own views. The paper also argues that in many ways, Dukakis' defensive stance led to his loss to Bush.

Outline:
"The Tank Ride" Presented by the Bush Campaign
"Counterpunch" Presented by Dukakis
"Willie Horton" Presented by the National Security PAC
"Furlough from the Truth" Presented by Dukakis
"Bush America" Presented by Bush
"New Era" Presented by Dukakis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In response to the Horton ad, the Dukakis campaign launched its own attack on Federal Prison furloughs granted during Bush's "War on Drugs". The ad focused on a drug dealer who raped and murdered a woman while furloughed. Like the Horton ad, the narrator attaches Bush's name to emotional hot button words such as "rape" and "murder", but also explicitly describes Bush as dishonest, saying he has taken a "furlough from the truth." Like the Horton ad, there are negative images of criminality on screen while Bush's actions are described, and a portrait of the murdered woman accompanies narration of Bush's furlough program. When speaking about Dukakis, the narrator uses a reverent tone; while speaking of Bush, disapproval is clear in the narrator's voice. Again, like the Horton ad, the advertisement plays upon American fears on crime and points out that Dukakis did not implement the furlough program in Massachusetts, but instead ended it while he was Governor. "

Tags:Willie, Horton, George, Bush, Dukakis

Abstract
This essay examines negative campaign advertising in the political system. It provides a brief history and description of negative campaigning and uncover reasons behind the rise of negative advertising in the political arena. It also includes a review of suggested negative effects of exposure to negative advertising, as well as a literature review examining the effects of exposure to negative advertising on voter turnout. Finally, the essay provides a discussion of research findings and offer suggestions for future research and effects prevention.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Negative Campaign Advertising: Description and History
The Rise of Negative Campaign Advertising
Effects of Negative Campaign Advertising: Past Research
Pertinent Literature Review
Demobilization Effects
Moderating Factors
Demobilization Theory Disputed
Discussion: Casting Doubt on Demobilization Findings
Conclusion
Controversy, Regulation, and Prevention
Final Thoughts

From the Paper
"Another suggested cause of the recent increase in negative campaigning is the growth in independent expenditures by political action committees (PACs) and supplemental lax spending laws. In the 1970's campaign finance regulations declared that while limitations on individual contributions to campaigns is legal, constitutional free speech prohibits placing limitations on the ways in which contributions are spent. As a result, independent contributors are free to use their contribution monies as they like."

Tags:reputation, dukakis, demobilization, polarization, newspapers

Abstract
This paper details the Greek-American experience, focusing primarily on their achievements in all aspects of American life. The paper also discusses Greek culture and religion in American and prominent figures in America who are of Greek heritage.

Table of Contents
Statement of Position
Some Interesting Facts About Greeks
The Greek-American Experience
Notable Greeks
In Conclusion

From the Paper
"Several notable and famous Greeks who come to mind are the late Aristotle Onasis, former candidate for U.S. president, Michael Dukakis, and former White House official in the Clinton administration, George Stephanopoulos. Of course, there are numerous other Greeks today who have made an indelible impression upon the world: Candice Bergen, Dr. Joyce Brothers, Carol Burnett, Liz Claiborne, Sheryl Crow, Elizabeth Dole, Faye Dunaway, Betty Ford, Kate Jackson, Mary Tyler Moore, Debra Norville, Jane Pauley and Gloria Vanderbilt."

Tags:contribution, western, civilization, michael, dukakis, paul, tsongas, george, stephanopoulos