Abstract
This paper reviews the history of Dubai and discusses how the current architectural restructuring of Dubai fits the mold of the emerging global economy of the third millennium by possessing the capacity to generate substantial profit from its modern wonders of the world.

From the Paper
"Economically, more gradual changes have been coming about since the mid-1900s: "In the 18th century, Dubai was a small fishing and trading village inhabited by members of the Bani Yas." Essentially, life had remained relatively unaltered for these people for over two millennia; this began to change when the Al Maktaum family settled the area in 1833 and put a number of coastal towns under their control. Only two years later the Al Maktaum's signed the "Perpetual Maritime Truce" with the United Kingdom, and two decades later it became an official protectorate of the imperialistic nation. During this period trade expanded primarily through the export of pearls, and the city became inhabited by a majority of Indian tradesmen. International trade increased significantly when oil reserves were discovered in 1966 and concessions were made to foreign investors. In the 1970's and 80's, "Dubai and its twin across the Dubai creek, Deira (independent at that time), became important ports of call for Western manufacturers. Most of the new city's banking and financial centers were headquartered in this area." Gold also became an intrinsic part of the economy in Dubai, since the city has a free trade in gold and the commodity is restricted in India. Overall, since the arrival of the Al Maktaum's, Dubai has become a largely foreign settlement for traders of virtually all kinds; its unprecedented growth is clearly the result of an expanding international economy."

Tags:restructuring, economy, Emiratis, Sheikh, Maktaum, globalized, oil, tourism

Abstract
This paper critiques Richard Hywel Evans' article "Sprawling, Soulless Dubai."

From the Paper
"In his article "Sprawling Soulless Dubai", Richard Hywel Evans asserts that Dubai is a chaotic city, lacking coherence. Evans states that the relentless colonization of the desert has led to 'LA syndrome'-there is so much urban sprawl, the city lacks a metropolitan heart. Moreover, he attributes a feeling of soullessness to the fact that one can stand next to a skyscraper one minute and see barren desert the next. (Evans) His point is that Dubai is growing too quickly and..."

Tags:soulless, Dubai, Evans, article critique

Abstract
This paper identifies three challenges to sustainable development in a contemporary city such as Dubai.

From the Paper
"Sustainable development involves improving the quality of life in a city, including ecological, cultural, political, institutional, social and economic components, without leaving a burden on the future generations that is the result of a reduced natural capital and an excessive local debt. In a contemporary city such as Dubai, city officials aspiring to achieve sustainable development face several challenges. The first challenge is that of rapid growth. The United Arab Emirates has been growing by ... per year for..."

Tags:Dubai, sustainable development, urbanization, rapid growth, greenhouse gases

Abstract
This paper examines the goals and policies necessary to meet such goals of the U.N. Millennium Project. The author points out the importance of the Millennium Project itself. The paper details recommendations and proposals and notes some factors that could cause problems with the eventual success of this project.

From the Paper
"The Millennium Project was commissioned by the Secretary General of the United Nations and is supported by the United Nations' Development Group. In fact, each of the current 191 member nations have pledged to meet the goals outlined below by the year 2015.The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the world's time-bound and quantified targets for addressing extreme poverty in its many dimensions-income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter, and exclusion-while promoting gender equality, education, and environmental sustainability. They are also basic human rights-the rights of each person on the planet to health, education, shelter, and security."

Tags:un, millennium, project

Abstract
In this article, the writer reviews Paul Johnson's book, 'A Shopkeeper's Millennium'. The writer discusses the author's theories about the Protestant Revival in the Northeast in the 1830's. The writer also looks at the reasons for the revival. Further, the relevant cultural effects are examined in this paper.

From the Paper
"In 'A Shopkeeper's Millennium' Paul Johnson discusses the Protestant revival that swept through the American Northeast in the earlier part of the nineteenth century. Johnson explores several theories about why the United States experienced this revival including in particular the hypothesis that Americans at the time were insecure and socially fragmented due to increasing industrialization. To focus the exploration, Johnson concentrates his discussion on the revival in Rochester New York. Eventually. he concludes that the revivals in the ... "

Tags:A Shopkeeper's Millennium, Paul Johnson

Abstract
This paper describes the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DCMA) and considers its ramifications in the marketplace. It concludes that the Act is cumbersome and will need to have key provisions tested in the courts before its effectiveness is actually determined.

From the Paper
"Technology often out paces ethical and legal developments. For many years copyright law remained static as wholesale unauthorized duplication of printed materials was difficult. Fair use rules evolved regarding ..."

Tags:Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA, copyright infringement, Internet

Abstract
This paper explains that the UAE is endowed with an extensive coastline fringed by white sandy beaches and a varied landscape suitable for a wide variety of activities from powerboat races to sand skiing to golf . The author suggests that, to draw more tourists to stay longer, increase spending, and make repeat visits, efforts need to be intensified to represent Dubai and UAE as exotic places with year-round events filled with a carnival atmosphere. This requires a well-planned and widely publicized tourism calendar throughout the year and well in advance. The paper stresses that tourism must be placed high on the national agenda and be given the same status as expor-oriented and infrastructure industry.

Table of Content
Background to Research Study
An Overview
Research Area of Study
Recent Development
Research Aim and Objectives + Research Questions
Research Aim
Layout of the Dissertation
Tourism Planning and Development
The History of Tourism Planning and Development in the Gulf Region
Sustainability and Tourism Development in the Middle East
Tourism as National Income Provider in Gulf States
Case Study Dubai, UAE and Middle East
History of Dubai and UAE as Tourist Destinations
Changes in Tourism Development in Dubai, UAE and Middle East
Reason for the Increase In Tourism Development of Dubai
Winning Combination
Quality of the Infrastructure
Increase in the number of Visitors
Better Partnership between Public And Private Sectors
Government Policy
Growth in Service Sectors
Germany as a Market
Expansion of Parking Bays at the Airports
Dubailand
Growth in the Non-Oil GDP
Oil Contribution
The Importance of Tourism for Dubai as a Secondary Source of Income
Obstacles to Future Tourism Development in Dubai and UAE
Changing Outlook
Transportation Network
Renovation of Tourism Product
Other Measures

From the Paper
"The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation, consisting of seven tribally based emirates that lead the southeastern portion of the Arabian Peninsula south of Bahrain and Qatar. The federation covers 83,600 square kilometers and geographically it is enclosed on the north by the Persian Gulf and Iran, on the east by Oman, and on the south and west by Saudi Arabia. Its geographical locations separate Oman from its territory on the Musandam peninsula and extend 90 kilometers along the Gulf of Oman, an area known as the al-Batinah coast. The curse of the nature in the form of arid desert and salt flats are visible everywhere. However, Arabs are not a frustrated lot due to arid climates and blessed in the form of oil reserves by the Mother Nature. They are blessed with mountains in the northeast that rise to 1,200 meters. Due to low rainfall, there are few fertile areas except in the north and among the oases."

Tags:history, beaches, activities, carnival, priority

Abstract
The paper discusses the size and growth of the hospitality industry in Dubai and examines its overall impact on the environment. The paper looks at environmental regulations in Dubai and at the benefits of environmental practices in hotel and tourist developments there. The paper shows how sustainable and environmentally responsible development is being emphasized by Dubai as a necessary competitive advantage.

Outline:
Introduction
Economic Growth of Dubai and Environmental Impact
Environmental Regulations in Dubai
Benefits of Environmental Practices
Sustainability in Dubai Developments
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The emirates move towards development of sustainability actually begin over a decade ago however it was on a very small scale in comparison to current initiatives in the emirates for sustainability in their project development. Awarded National Geographic's - one of the world's best ecotourism models, Al Maha Desert Resort and Spa, "...pioneered environmentally friendly lodging in the Middle east" is located "...within the 225-square-kilometer Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve...[and]... set a precedent in the region on how to make ecology work for hospitality." (Ernest & Young. 2008 ) Another project 'Six Senses' which is a luxury resort hotel company also pursued the sustainability initiative and contributed to conservation of the natural environment as well as providing support for the well-being of communities and has recently opened the Zighy Bay resort in Oman. This company is the creator of an environmental management system and Environmental & Social Sustainability policy that has been integrated into all of its hotel operations."

Tags:hotels, attractions, ecotourism, design, building

Abstract
This paper examines the factors that have led to the success of diversifying Dubai's economy. Using a comparative methodology, the paper analyzes the legal framework, economic incentives and political institutions of other Emirates within the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and countries in the Gulf region with similar diversification goals but yet lagged behind Dubai. The paper hypothesizes that Dubai's innovativeness in adopting best practices from developed countries in establishing a sound market economy has led it to become the first successful country among the UAE to diversify its economy.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
The Oil Curse Literature
Dubai's Brief Overview
Comparison from Legal Perspective
Trade Companies Law Amendment
Draft Federal Foreign Investment Law
Companies Law
Comparison from Political Perspective
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Besides the negative economic consequences, advocates of this theory argue that abundant oil rents can result in dangerous political outcomes. These consequences can present themselves in form of political instability. Whereas oil revenues can initially pacify the citizens of a state, price fluctuations can significantly reduce a state's oil revenues, hence resulting in subsequent reduction in state spending. In any case, high levels of state spending are generally unsustainable in the long term due to the diminishing nature of resources. As the oil reserves of a state diminish, it naturally increases taxes on its nationals so as to maintain expenditures."

Tags:business-hub, curse theory, banking system, legislation stability