Abstract
This paper analyzes the philosophical arguments of Gilbert Ryle, Rene Descartes, and Fred Jackson within the context of Cartesian Dualism. The paper discusses how Ryle provides a physical premise for denying the reality of dualism in his sympathetic and neurological premise for the unity of mind and body for intelligent acts. However, the paper points out that Descartes finds the human mind a far more abstract energy, which can only be defined through the teleological premise of God. The paper discusses how Jackson also agrees with the premise of a dualism of mind and body, but cannot be as easily refuted by Ryle, since he is using experiential (yet subjective) premise to his arguments in favor of the mind's ambiguous relationship with the body.

Tags:dualism, ryle, jackson

Abstract
This paper advances the concept that substance dualism is not the most accurate way of conceiving reality for a number of reasons. The main argument in support of this view is that substance dualism does not seem to present a completely coherent account of the two levels of reality that it postulates, that is, mind and matter, and that when analyzed it gives the impression of adding unnecessary complexity to what could be seen as simply two manifestations of one single process.

From the Paper
"This paper will try to advance the concept that substance dualism is not the best or most accurate way of conceiving reality for a number of reasons. The main argument in support of this view is that the idea of substance dualism does not seem to present a completely coherent account of the two levels of reality that it postulates, that is, mind and matter, and (secondarily) that when analyzed it gives the impression of adding unnecessary complexity to what could as well be seen as just two manifestations of one single process. The philosophical position of substance dualism is one particular type of..."

Tags:dualism, descartes, phenomenalism

Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at Monism and dualism, which are two answers to the mind-body problem that has been addressed by various philosophers through history. The paper defines Dualism as associated with Rene Descartes. It is the theory that the mind and the body, that mind and matter, are two distinct things. The paper contrasts this with monism, which sees the two as one, as manifestations of the same material existence.

From the Paper
"Monism and dualism are two answers to the mind-body problem that has been addressed by various philosophers through history. Dualism is so associated with RenAfA(c) Descartes that it is usually referred to as Cartesian dualism. Dualism is the theory that the mind and the body, that mind and matter, are two distinct things, while monism sees the two as one, as manifestations of the same material existence. Descartes considered the issue of the location of the mind and found that the mind was separate from the body. He says that he is a subject of conscious thought and experience and thus cannot be nothing more than spatially extended matter. The mind, or the essential nature of the human being..."

Tags:monism, dualism, mind

Abstract
The paper discusses how Descartes believed in Cartesian Dualism with the belief that the mind and brain interacts with one another. The paper explains that Descartes believed that a person had a soul and this soul interacts with the body. The paper asserts that Descartes had a sound argument on Cartesian Dualism with interaction between the mind and body, which is in many ways continued with the modern Christian beliefs.

From the Paper
"Why do people react to different circumstances, such as why people laugh when someone falls on a banana peel or why someone will kiss their spouse but he or she refuses to share a toothbrush (Stewart 2004, 52)? Descartes believed in Cartesian Dualism with the belief that the mind and brain interacts with one another. Descartes believed that a person had a soul and this soul interacts with the body. Descartes had a sound argument on Cartesian Dualism with interaction between the mind and body, which is in many ways continue with the modern Christian beliefs. Descartes belief on dualism focused on the mind and the body believing..."

Tags:dualism, mind, body

Abstract
This paper compares views on nonreductive materialism and substance dualism and looks at problems the philosophical theory of nonreductive materialism encounters with relation to causation. It also examines concepts of neurophysiological processes in the brain.

From the Paper
"This essay will explain the philosophical theory known as nonreductive materialism. It will then identify the problems that this theory encounters with respect to causation and then given its ..."

Tags:dualism, nonreductive materialism

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth academic examination of the philosophy of dualism. It defines dualism and describes the important arguments in support of it through the concepts of Descartes, Chalmer and Jackson. The paper debates the existence of qualia. The author presents a decisive argument against dualism and in support of physicalism.


Table of Contents:
What is Dualism?
A Cartesian Argument for Dualism
Jackson's Knowledge Argument for Dualism
Chalmers' Zombie Argument for Dualism
Arguing against Dualism: Why it is a False Theory of the Mind
References

From the Paper
"Dualism is a philosophical theory about the fundamental nature of reality. Perhaps the most important and best known proponent of the view was Descartes who described it as follows: "Thought and extension can be regarded as constituting the natures of intelligent substance and corporal substance; they must then be considered as nothing else but thinking substance itself and extended substance itself that is, as mind and body." [CSM I p. 215]. Influenced by Descartes characterization, contemporary philosophers take Dualism to be the conjunction of the following two theses:
(1) There are mental properties and there are physical properties.
(2) Neither kind of property can be reduced to the other. "

Tags:physicalism, jackson, cartesian, chalmer, descartes, qualia

Abstract
The paper explains the concept of dualism, which holds that every human being is divided into two parts in which the mind and the body are considered as different from each other. The paper discusses how the body belongs to the physical element while the mind belongs to the intellectual element. The paper points out that any material substance is defined as physical; materialism includes all things that exist. The paper looks at Rene Descartes' theory of dualism and examines the arguments of Paul Churchland against dualism. The paper demonstrates how the arguments of Churchland regarding dualism are quite doubtful and very unclear.

Outline:
Concept of Dualism
Concept of Materialism
Rene Descartes' Theory of Dualism
Paul Churchland's Argument Against Dualism

From the Paper
"During the 17th century Rene Descartes was the famous dualists philosopher because of his belief that there are two substances that exists in the universe. His particular philosophy is referred to as substance dualism because he believed that the universe consisted of two different kinds of substances that he termed res extensa (extended things, physical things) and res cogitans (thinking things) (Cofer, 2002). He believed that every action of the body, the mind only responds on the body's actions. The set of thinking things does not exist in space and time as we know it, but are separate, irreducible and exist after the body is completely gone (Cofer, 2002)."

Tags:Descartes, physical, material, intellectual, thinking

Abstract
The paper discusses Rene Descartes' belief about the dualism of mind and body in which Descartes states that the mind and body can exist and function independently from each other.. The writer of the paper first looks at Descartes' four categories of explanations for his body-mind dualism arguments and then explains why he believes that, regardless of the multitude of forces brought in favor of the body - mind dualism, one cannot correctly state that body and mind can function on their own.

Outline:
Abstract
Dualism of Mind and Body
Support of Mind - Body Dualism
Personal Belief
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Rene Descartes is regarded as one of the greatest minds humanity has ever mastered. Born in France, he became specialized in several subjects, such as theology, philosophy, literature, mathematics, law or medicine. A firm sustainer of the sciences, Descartes believed that everything surrounding him could be explained as a combination of mathematics and another subject. "Descartes, who was convinced that science and mathematics could be used to explain everything in nature, was the first to describe the physical universe in terms of matter and motion, seeing the universe a as giant mathematically designed engine." "

Tags:intelligence, immortality, material, objects, robots, animals

Abstract
This paper concerns the philosophy of the mind and attempts to answer the question of whether dualism provides an acceptable account of the mind. In doing so, the fundamental arguments and problems associated with dualism are discussed and analyzed. This paper assesses the plausibility of a number of different forms of dualism such as Descarte's cartesian dualism, property dualism and epiphenomenalism.

From the Paper
"For centuries, philosophers have debated the ontological problem of the mind. Through introspection, we know that we, and believe others possess a conscious intelligence that has the ability to register emotions, interpret sensations and perform reason. But where do such abilities originate? In what medium do they take place and how is it that our mental phenomena such as desires and beliefs seem to be able to causally act on the physical world? Dualism is just one of many theories that have sought to find answers to such intriguing questions. Unlike materialist theories that optimistically asserts that all mental phenomena can eventually be explained through physics and neurological science, dualists argue that mental phenomena is so far removed from anything physical that it requires the existence of a non-physical entity or property. Since, as yet science is unable to fully explain all mental phenomena such as consciousness, perhaps dualism is a plausible alternative. Is any form of dualism plausible?"

Tags:cartesian, causation, descartes, epiphenomenalism, intelligence, mind, ockham

Abstract
This paper looks at the theories of dualism as espoused by philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, Descartes, and Kant, and explains how the various branches of dualism differ. The paper begins with a description of substance dualism, explains how it differs from monisms, pluralisms, and a dialectic, and then explains metaphysical dualism and epistemological dualism.

From the Paper
"Dualism is a view that implies that there are two separate and distinct substances that make up a human being: mind and body. In religious terms, the mind is often equated with the soul - with Plato and Aristotle, for instance, where the Greek term nous is used to describe the part of the individual that survives death."

Tags:mental, physical, renee, descartes, mind, matter, cartesian, meditations, body, life, death