Abstract This paper discusses the dual court system in the U.S.A. and explains that this system refers to a two court system: the State Court system and the Federal court system. According to the paper, this dual system is an authority division system. The function of each court is discussed as well as court unification and the monolithic court system, where the two court systems merge together forming a single court system. In addition, the paper discusses which type of court is more beneficial.
Outline:
Introduction
Dual Court System
Court Unification and Monolithic Court System
Conclusion
From the Paper "Dual court system started as an assurance of limited federal intervention in local matters during the union formation. Earlier states created their own laws and the laws differed from state to state. Thus state courts were necessary for hearing cases relating to violation of those laws. The formation of the federal laws necessitated the creation of federal court systems. In present scenario, the two systems are distinct entities, neither one of which interferes in the affairs of the other."
Abstract This paper discusses current literature on the psychological, marital, and personal effects of dual earning couples. The paper studies the dramatic historical changes in the family caused by dual earning husbands and wives. In particular, the paper looks at the new new roles and relationships that have been etched out for all family members. The paper also discusses the impact of increased parenting stress on the family structure and its subsequent effect on child rearing.
From the Paper "Over the course of the past ... or so years, family patterns in the United States have undergone significant and at times dramatic changes. Included in these changes are the presence of dual earners in the family..."
Tags:dual income families, gender, marriage, child
Abstract The writer explores the differences and the similarities between single and dual parent homes and uses three sources to identify each category. The emotional, social and developmental characteristics of children from each type of home is analyzed.
From the Paper "In today's world there are as many children living in homes of single parents as there are children living in homes with two parents. It has become so commonplace that it is not unusual to hear questions such as "Does your dad live with you"? or "Are your parents divorced"? as a normal part of daily conversation. There have been numerous studies done on the effects of being raised in a single parent home and being raised in a dual parent home. Many differences between the two settings have been discovered and many similarities have also been noted. The one thing experts agree on is that they are not one and the same."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the dangers of dual relationships within the mental health field. The writer maintains that counselors and therapists should avoid establishing or allowing the establishment of dual relationships within the context of their professional capacity. The writer concludes that this is not only an ethical imperative with respect to the client/patient continuum but also extends to dual relationships among patients in group therapy settings as well as relationships between coworkers and colleagues.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Dual Relationships in Group Therapy
The Counselor/Client Continuum
Conclusion
From the Paper "Clearly, these negative developments that arise due to the existence or the establishment of dual relationships can have a very real and a potentially very harmful impact on the counseling process within the group therapy setting. Yet, all of these negative attributes can just as easily develop within the dual relationship context in the single-patient counseling environment or in the back office relationships that arise within the clinic or treatment facility setting. In all instances, the effectiveness and the objective of the counseling process is undermined and made almost irrelevant due to the dual relationships allowed to develop."
An in-depth study researching student perceptions of the effectiveness of dual enrollment programs in preparing high school students for academic and personal success at a four-year university.
Abstract This paper presents a proposal to research Morgan Community College's dual enrollment program. The research aims to determine whether the students who graduate from this program experience the same level of academic success and satisfaction as those students who graduate from comparable dual enrollment programs.
Outline:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Review of the Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
From the Paper "In recent years some students in high school have been allowed to take college-level courses that count towards their high school diploma and towards an associate degree. Earning college credit while still in high school can afford many students opportunities that are not available to students in traditional settings. For instance, by the time a student graduates from high school, he or she may have earned credits that will transfer and assist in training for the military, jobs, technical schools or college often at a reduced tuition cost or, in some cases, at no cost to the students (Bailey, Hughes, & Karp, 2002; Rajala, 2003)."
Abstract This paper analyzes Kant's philosophical system with reference to Descartes. The author explores Kant's system which raises many questions, particularly concerning freedom and the interaction of the two wills. If our definition of free will is re-evaluated and understood in a subjectivist sense, (much like the Copernican Revolution), Kant (and Descartes) provide a new concept of freedom as autonomy. Therefore, instead of preserving free will, these two philosophers produce a new understanding of it. The dual nature of the phenomenal and noumenal world continues to be a problem, but it remains so because of its very nature. It explains the human predicament: the cohesion of body and mind, and can go no farther.
From the Paper "Causality is a complex issue for philosophers who want to maintain morality and God. Although Immanuel Kant logically shows the necessity of causality for experience, he is unwilling to dismiss the idea of freedom. After all, moral and ethical judgments can only arise from a free will, for only if one's will is free can one be held morally accountable for one's actions. Kant, therefore, attempts to provide a metaphysical basis for believing in a free will, while still supporting causality."
Abstract This research paper examines dual credit option programs, which allow high school students to earn both college and high school credits while taking selected college classes.
Abstract This paper argues that both the buyer and the seller should each have his or her own agent when buying and selling real estate. The author discusses both sides of the issue.
From the Paper "Should a real estate broker attempt to represent both the seller and the buyer in a single transaction. The first response that most people are likely to give is that a broker should not try to do so because of the potential and even real conflicts of interest."
Tags:dual agency, conflict of interest, buyer, seller
Abstract In this article the writer discusses that the single ongoing problem in the dual career marriage is the lack of an egalitarian approach. The writer notes that while retired husbands tend to help more with household tasks, the wife continues to bear the responsibility for them. In addition, the writer points out that economic pressures will be uneven for the spouses. The writer discusses that men are more likely than their spouses to have earned a private pension benefit and have social security benefits.
From the Paper "What pressures on a dual-career couple might lessen after their retirement? Many patterns observed at earlier stages in the dual-career marriage will continue after retirement. One pressure that will not be alleviated for the woman after retirement is her husband's refusal to share in tasks. Since his socialization prevented his participation to this point, he will continue to avoid 'women's work'. On the other hand, his presence in itself may create pressure because of additional work. What most clearly distinguishes the retirement years from the previous years is not so much the absence of work as the absence of children."
Abstract This paper discusses the article, "Dual in the Sun," by John Brant, which is an in-depth background piece about the Boston Marathon in 1982. The paper focuses on the portion of the article which deals with the lives of the two principle stars that were co-protagonists in the race, Alberto Salazar and Dick Beardsley. The paper also focuses on many aspects of the Ronald Reagan era, in order to give us a better understanding of the period of the marathon.
Table of Contents:
The Ronald Reagan Era: Popular American Culture
The Ronald Reagan Era: Economics and Getting Tough
The Ronald Reagan Era: Nike
The Ronald Reagan Era: Sports Popularity and Drug Usage
The Ronald Reagan Era: American Design & Fashion
Drugs and Society - Beardsley's Problem
From the Paper "And while nearly 23% of college students are abusers of alcohol and prescription drugs, only 8.5% of the general public (people 12 years of age and older) is dependent on alcohol and/or prescription drugs. The painkillers most popular with students, according to the USA Today piece, are Percocet (which is one of the pills Beardsley was hooked on prior to his rehabilitation), Vicodin and OxyContin. In 1993, about 1 percent of students were using those prescription drugs; but in 2005 that rose to 3.1 percent of students, the article points out."
"The "binge drinking" problem on campuses, while still a serious issue, has not grown in percentages, the article concludes; about 40% of students in 1993 admitted to binge drinking "at least occasionally"; and in 2005, the same percentage admitted to binge drinking, which is described as "having five drinks for male students" and for females, four drinks, at "one drinking occasion" during the previous two weeks."
Abstract The paper presents a discussion on the dual court system in the United States. The writer explains the two systems, how they function and then argues that it would not be better to go to a single court system. The paper examines how each system is in the hierarchical form of a pyramidal structure, allowing review and, if necessary, revision by upper-level courts. The paper concludes that, while the dual courts in America do have many elements in common, they each serve a purpose and to dismantle that system would be to defy the Constitution that the nation was built on.
Outline:
Introduction
Explaining Dual Court System Functions
State Courts
Single Court System
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Before one can begin to understand why a single court system would be more efficient and inexpensive than the current dual court system it is important to have an understanding of the dual court system and how it works.
The structure and foundation of the dual court system goes back to the writing of the United States constitution. The United States constitution established something called a system of federalism which meant that the federal government has limited authority over the courts in the land while the balance or bulk of that authority is was left to individual states to handle and decide."
Abstract This paper examines African women and the dual challenges of maintaining their culture while also furthering their status in society during a time where the very nature of those goals lies on tentative ground. The paper illustrates how African women's dual social and political contributions have helped sustain the cultural binds common to most African communities while also improving the status of women within the society.
From the Paper "The African continent constitutes a myriad of types of societies and as well as a melange of distinct heritages. Africa's diverse population has been, for thousands of years, continuously organizing into compact communities with shared languages, religions, or common descent. The majority of Africans live in small towns or villages where self-sufficient compounds are established and close knit family units are created. In the pre-colonial hunter/gatherer societies which made up most of the first 'traditional' African societies, women did almost all of the work whereas the men were quite lazy. In these societies men were often gone for weeks on end as their role was to forage for food while the women held the community together. These early societies also tended to be matrimonial."
Abstract This paper examines the book "Dual Attraction: Understanding Bisexuality" which was written by three sociologists examining the issue of dual attraction by comparing bisexuals, homosexuals and heterosexuals residing in the area of San Francisco. The paper shows that the book takes the view that studies of sexuality are of interest to the public. Over the past few decades, there has been an ongoing clash between heterosexuals and homosexuals as the latter have become more overt, more visible and more challenging to the earlier customs of society.
From the Paper "The authors examine different surveys and research reports showing how people come to discover and experience their sexuality. This is a large subject and not at all as simple as some people might believe. Indeed, society makes the topic all the more complicated by imposing ideas about sex and sexuality so that anyone who deviates from the accepted course has to find a justification for doing so and may have to withstand a variety of challenges from those who do not approve."
Abstract The paper discusses how one of the most interesting features about Tom Stoppard's play "Arcadia" is the use of the dual structure. The play features two sets of characters in the same place but in different times. The paper analyzes this play and concludes that by utilizing a unique dual structure that parallels two sets of characters, Stoppard cleverly makes his point about the role of the unknown in life. In doing so, he offers a warning about approaching life from a purely rational viewpoint and shows that people should use their curiosity and be willing to explore.
From the Paper "The first effect of the dual structure is to contrast the characters of Thomasina and Hannah. They are both the main female characters and their stories take place in the same place, though at a different time. They are also both driven by a search for knowledge. Thomasina makes the focus of her quest for knowledge clear where she asks what carnal knowledge is in the first scene. This shows that her curiosity is based on human desire rather than being based on a quest for scientific knowledge. This is later seen again when Septimas tries to explain equations to Thomasina. Thomasina seems uninterested and says that she wants to create equations for nature, such as how to make a flower. Thomisina asks why the equations "only describe the shapes of manufacture" and then suggests starting with a maple leaf (Stoppard 26)."
Abstract The paper discusses how the teaching of English learners in American classrooms has been a subject of debate for decades. The paper explains that most commonly, the conflict surrounds how much and to what extent the teaching should be done in the students' native languages. Three main methods have emerged that are the topic of review in this paper; structured immersion; dual language immersion and submersion. The paper points out that no method of teaching English learners is guaranteed. The paper concludes that until greater research is conducted, only partial recommendations can be made based on available research.
Outline:
Structured Immersion
Dual Language Immersion
Submersion
Conclusions
From the Paper "Structured immersion, also called sheltered English immersion, teaches English language learners in self-contained classrooms. These classrooms, comprised on only English learners, are still instructed in English but are separated from mainstream classrooms for some allotted time (Rossell 2005). Structured immersion uses little acknowledgement of the native language of English learners, and does not require additional academic reinforcement at home (Attinasi 1998). This method has currently been adopted in California and Arizona, and also to some extent in Massachusetts."
