From the Paper
"DUAL EARNER FAMILIES

Abstract
This research examined the phenomenon of the dual earner family in the United States. Changes in the patterns of dual earner families were addressed, and explanations of these changing patterns provided by economic theory were discussed.

A century ago, only five-percent of married woman participated in the labor market. In 1940, fewer than one married woman in seven was working outside the home, while 60 percent work outside the home in 1995. Only 17 percent of married couples are one-earner, with the rest having other or no earners. In the mid-1990s, the dual income family is more common than the traditional one-income married household where the husband works and the wife stays at home. In 1980, half of all married couples ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses current literature on the psychological, marital, and personal effects of dual earning couples. The paper studies the dramatic historical changes in the family caused by dual earning husbands and wives. In particular, the paper looks at the new new roles and relationships that have been etched out for all family members. The paper also discusses the impact of increased parenting stress on the family structure and its subsequent effect on child rearing.

From the Paper
"Over the course of the past ... or so years, family patterns in the United States have undergone significant and at times dramatic changes. Included in these changes are the presence of dual earners in the family..."

Tags:dual income families, gender, marriage, child

From the Paper
"One of the largest transformations in family life over the last decades has been the rise of the dual-earner family. The number of families which are dual-earner, married couple households has increased dramatically, having overtaken "traditional" breadwinner/homemaker families in number as early as the mid-70s, continuing into even through the late 1980s and 1990s. Despite the phenomenal growth in this segment of the population, very little has been done to meet the growing needs of dual-earner families. With the prevalence of mothers and fathers in the work force, inevitably we find that there is a conflict. Caregivers in the workforce face the difficult decision to choose between their family and their jobs, and unfortunately, most employers do not do enough to help."

Tags:squeeze, time, family, values, dual, earner, century

Abstract
This paper discusses how historically the concept of the single parent family in the United States has led to the belief that when one individual attempts to raise a child there will be hardships and family failure. This is contended because of the reliance of the family on one income and the dual roles that many single parents are forced to play in raising their children. Single mothers act as caregiver disciplinarian financial head of household and housekeeper. The paper further discusses how in addition to these responsibilities most single moms have full-time jobs, and statistics indicate that the majority of single mothers in the country receive no financial support from fathers. Yet, despite the abundance of negative elements that may be possible in the world of the single parent, there is an absolute possibility of success for the single parent to raise a family in this country.

Tags:single, parent, families

Abstract
Since the increase in single parent families and dual income families, daycare has become a necessity for some households. The paper shows that through many sources and scientific tests, it has been proven that daycare has no negative effects on a child's well-being, and can actually help develop some necessary social skills for interaction with other children. The paper discusses the history of daycare, gives a contemporary definition and then shows the arguments for and against the use of daycare.

From the Paper
"In addition, there are advantages to each specific type of daycare. In-home care provides continuity and stability, as the child stays in the home all day. The child will also be able to follow his or her own schedule for meals and naps, and not deviate from the weekdays to the weekends (Berezin 13). Family daycare offers a comfortable place for a child to stay all day, while away from his or her house. The family daycare can also offer a small group of playmates for the child (Berezin 14). Childcare centers usually have on staff professionals that have studied development. In addition, there are plenty of other children at centers who can play with and socialize with the child. Finally, the childcare center will offer more of a range of activities that may not be available at home (Berezin 16)."

Tags:Oberlin, caregiver, in-home, social, skills

Abstract
This paper discusses how family functionality is indeed the most important factor regarding whether or not a youth will become delinquent. It explains that social support services should continue to put their efforts in this area. It discusses that, instead of sharing the care and discipline of the children, in many cases, one parent has to totally carry this burden. In situations where there are other socioeconomic pressures, such as low income, this significantly increases the difficulty for the single parent. Additional ways should be found to help these single parents, as well as dual-parent families, to handle the other challenges they face in their daily lives so they have the resources to provide their children with a stable upbringing.

From the Paper
"Statistics show that the number of children who engage in juvenile delinquent or antisocial behavior is growing exponentially. Even though estimates of the amount of youth with conduct disorder have been cited at 2 to 6 percent of the population, or 1.3 to 3.8 million, some researchers note that the number may be as high as 3 to 1l percent. From 1991 to 1995, the total population of juveniles in private residential facilities increased from 36, 190 to 39, 671 or a growth of 9.62 percent (Moone, 1997). It is also estimated that in the United States, 1,234 youths run away from home and 2,255 teenagers drop out of school each day. Every five minutes a youth is arrested for some type of violent crime, and every two hours a child is killed by a gun (Edelman, 1995, p. 7)"

Tags:crime, minor, single, parent, upbringing, financial, pressure

Abstract
In this paper the trends of the working woman are examined. The paper looks at the history of the working woman from when it first became acceptable for women to work outside of the home until modern day where there are dual incomes in a family. The paper also looks at the effects of two working parents on a family.In conclusion the paper surmises that the trends of the working family will continue to change due to the changing nature of society.

From the Paper
"The stress which results of having a lack of control over demands and excessive demands coupled with the family stress can cause overload, role conflict in dual-earner families, and the strain of the work-family balance (Katz & Piotrkowski, 1983; Hughes, Galinski, & Morris, 1992). With the upward movement of class, job stressors change somewhat. The balance of family boundaries to workplace demands, such as bringing home work and working long hours are what managers and executives must determine (Frone, Russell, & Cooper, 1992)."

Tags:families, single, parent, classes, children, female

Abstract
The paper discusses how, in the last century and during the last fifty years in particular, there has been considerable change in our ideology that has enabled women to be more present in the workforce. The paper explains that our view of gender roles has somewhat been transformed, thanks to the women's movement and to increased female presence in all walks of life. The paper also notes that the participation of women in the workforce has also become an economic necessity, because there are less secure full-time jobs and many families today need the dual income.

From the Paper
"In the last century and during the last fifty years in particular, there has been considerable change in our ideology that has enabled women to be more present in the workforce. Our view of gender roles has somewhat been transformed, thanks to the women's movement and to increased female presence in all walks of life (politics, business, media, etc). But the participation of women in the workforce has also become an economic necessity, because there are less secure full-time jobs and many families today need the dual income. The feminist movement has been largely responsible for addressing the labour force inequality as they fought for..."

Tags:women, work, house work

Abstract
The paper discusses how in the last fifty years or so, our society has made unprecedented strives towards improving the status of women. The paper describes how women have been relentless in fighting discrimination against the female gender, carving a place for themselves within the business, educational and political arenas of the society, and as a result, today, women have much more power then ever before. The paper notes that this is reflected in the area of work; more than half of the labour force is made up of women (Brym, 1995). However, the paper points out that the participation of women in the workforce has also become an economic necessity, because there are less secure full-time jobs and many families today need the dual income, and, although many things have changed for women in the last century, the full equality between the genders has not been achieved.

From the Paper
"In the last fifty years or so, our society has made unprecedented strives towards improving the status of women. Women have been relentless in fighting discrimination against the female gender, carving a place for themselves within the business, educational, professional and political arenas of the society. As a result, today, women have much more power then ever before. This is reflected in the area of work. More than half of the labour force is made up of women (Brym, 1995). However, the participation of women in the workforce has also become an economic necessity, because there are less secure full-time jobs and many families today need the dual..."

Tags:women, labour, discrimination

Abstract
This paper addresses Canada's failure to institute a national childcare program, as is explained to be needed. The paper also discusses changes in Canadian economy, enlarged class gaps yet policies rooted in old models of the society, failure to see production of a dual economy, and a substantial poor under-class, again due to out-moded thinking. The paper asserts that the universality of 2006 policy will see wealthy families benefit from assistance more than those in need of various social welfare supports.

From the Paper
"Canada does not provide child care allowing for the full employment of parents, and notably, working mothers who make up a large proportion of adults responsible for maintaining viable households. Cleveland Et Al explained how Canadian child care policy continued to be inefficient due to how policy objectives forever compete. (2000:1-2) Moreover, there can be low understanding of what an average household with children now costs or the burden carried by single mothers, as part of what has been called the feminization of Canadian poverty. In 2006, a sixth of Canadian ..."

Tags:economy, income, class, gap