Abstract
The pros and cons of bilingual education continue as an argued debate across the United States. Unfortunately, much of the information on which people base their opinion is not correct. Numerous studies conducted over the past three decades show that bilingual education has been an effective educational tool. This paper shows that educators and other bilingual specialists are now also looking into other methodology, such as two-way or dual immersion, that can enhance the basic bilingual curriculum.

From the Paper
"Schools are finding that language development works both ways. Many Native American children, for example, have forgotten or have never known their original languages. So that the languages are not forgotten, kindergarten students learn everything from colors to numbers to animal names in Cherokee. Students are called by their native Indian names and speak in Cherokee for most of the day. These kindergartners are in the first Cherokee-immersion class in a U.S. public school. By teaching kids Cherokee and not just English, Lost City School in Oklahoma is working to help save a dying language."

Tags:CELDT, Proposition, 227, TWI, program, Cherokee

Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at dual relationships in connection with professionals involved in counseling. The writer explains that such dual relationships refer to the fact that the therapist has a professional relationship with a client but that if the boundaries are exceeded, he or she may also have a personal relationship with the client.

From the Paper
"The role of a professional psychologist, psychotherapist, or counselor brings that person into close contact with his or her clients in an intimate relationship that must have boundaries in order for the professional to provide proper counseling to the client. Professional organizations for these professionals often create and implement professional codes of conduct to set the necessary boundaries and to give guidance to the professionals on a variety of issues. One such issue is known as dual relationships, referring to ..."

Tags:dual, relationships, codes

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the issue of concern with regard to dual relationships is exploitation, because of the potential conflicts that can disrupt the professional world. For example, if a psychologist were to have a patient that he or she also socialized with, the counselor could become so emotionally involved in the other person's life that the ability to actually assist the person would be inhibited. The writer discusses that the issue of exploitation itself surfaces because the psychologist has placed him or her self in a situation in which he or she becomes vulnerable to questions of moral and ethical practices as the dual relationship is exposed, thereby destroying the career of the psychologist.

From the Paper
"Gottlieb defines a dual relationship as any relationship that exists within the professional world and then continues into the personal world of the individual (sec. 1). Dual relationships, according to Gottlieb can also be considered "multiple relationships", in which a professional individual may be another person's counselor, as well as a lover, spouse, family member or friend. Because professionals primarily understand their roles as professionals, as well as their roles outside of business, duality in itself is not the issue of concern."

Tags:dual, relationships

Abstract
The writer explores the differences and the similarities between single and dual parent homes and uses three sources to identify each category. The emotional, social and developmental characteristics of children from each type of home is analyzed.

From the Paper
"In today's world there are as many children living in homes of single parents as there are children living in homes with two parents. It has become so commonplace that it is not unusual to hear questions such as "Does your dad live with you?" or "Are your parents divorced?" as a normal part of daily conversation. There have been numerous studies done on the effects of being raised in a single parent home and being raised in a dual parent home. Many differences between the two settings have been discovered and many similarities have also been noted. The one thing experts agree on is that they are not one and the same."

Tags:parent, child, single, dual, emotional, social, development, mother, father, economic, pressure, poverty, neglect

Abstract
This paper examines how, in ESL, immersion has been subject to some controversy and how it is felt that immersion is a good way to force learners into the intricacies of the new language. It discusses how the immersion program operates from the assumption that absolute proficiency in a language is not a requirement for effective instruction through the language and, therefore, by giving students a purpose for the new language they are using, they learn the language faster and more easily. It looks at how the program was initiated in Canada to help English speakers with their proficiency in French, the other official language of the country, and how the program has been adopted in various forms in the United States as well.

From the Paper
"By using Second Language English as a medium of instruction, the focus is removed from language instruction, and thus the language itself. Instead specific academic knowledge is the aim. In this way the language learning process becomes subconscious; students attempt to express important concepts in the target language, rather than trying to understand the intricacies of the language itself. Studies have indicated the success of immersion programs. It does not appear that academic achievement suffers for using a second language in an immersion program as opposed to schools where the first language is used. It is therefore apparent that students do not experience much difficulty in attaining sufficient language skills to master the subjects they are required to learn through the language (ERIC 1995)."

Tags:instruction, program, school

Abstract
This paper reviews bilingual education programs, including transitional bilingual education, English as a Second Language (ESL), structured immersion, submersion, and two-way or dual immersion. The author states that the National Council of Teachers of English found no research evidence to support the idea that non-English-speaking children will read, write, and do academic work in English better if first they learn to read write and do academic work in their home language. The paper concludes that bilingual education blocks the assimilation and advancement of minority students; therefore, to avoid such situations, students should be placed in English-only classes.

From the Paper
"However, not all communities are able to provide their language minority students with such programs. As a result, a significant number of English -language learners are unable to accomplish well academically. Additionally, schools need sufficient funding from the government for recourses, programs and textbooks that will help minority students succeed academically. The costs of bilingual programs for minority students are estimated to be $5.5 billion, and for ESL $1.9 billion in. On the contrary, intensive English programs do not require so much funding. Besides, research shows that these programs are much more successful then bilingual programs in providing competency for non-native language learners."

Tags:esl, immersion, latino, funding, english-only

Abstract
Discusses original purpose of bilingual educational programs as primarily for Spanish speaking children. Development of a transitional model not based on a pedagogical foundation. Deveopment of a new model of dual immersion that is based on neurological research. Court decision re: binlingual programs. Cites problems of bilingual education today. Centers on bilingual education in the context of the Arab-American community. ESL studies. Special needs of Arabic speaking children; lack of teachers proficient in Arabic and English.

From the Paper
"Bilingual Education and the Arab-American Community
Introduction


Bilingual education programs were initiated in the United States and intended to be ?transitional in that their goal was to facilitate the rapid movement of non-English speaking students into mainstream classroom. Luisa Garro (p. 5) claims that these programs were created in the late 1960s and the early 1970s in response to legislation and court orders requiring schools to provide an education in a child's native language. The transitional model was developed rapidly and without much pedagogical foundation.


A new model known as dual immersion is emerging in bilingual education (Garro, p. 5). This model is based on neurological research suggesting that the window of opportunity for..."

Abstract
The paper discusses how the teaching of English learners in American classrooms has been a subject of debate for decades. The paper explains that most commonly, the conflict surrounds how much and to what extent the teaching should be done in the students' native languages. Three main methods have emerged that are the topic of review in this paper; structured immersion; dual language immersion and submersion. The paper points out that no method of teaching English learners is guaranteed. The paper concludes that until greater research is conducted, only partial recommendations can be made based on available research.

Outline:
Structured Immersion
Dual Language Immersion
Submersion
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Structured immersion, also called sheltered English immersion, teaches English language learners in self-contained classrooms. These classrooms, comprised on only English learners, are still instructed in English but are separated from mainstream classrooms for some allotted time (Rossell 2005). Structured immersion uses little acknowledgement of the native language of English learners, and does not require additional academic reinforcement at home (Attinasi 1998). This method has currently been adopted in California and Arizona, and also to some extent in Massachusetts."

Tags:structured, immersion, dual, language, submersion, ESL

Abstract
This paper explores recent trends and controversy regarding bilingual education and examines various methods for providing bilingual education. Additionally, recent educational trends in this field are discussed, including two-way bilingual education, integrated bilingual education, two-way immersion, and transitional bilingual. Issues such as preserving the students' native culture and language as well as their growth in both the native language and the newly acquired language are examined.

Outline:
Introduction
Differing Methods of Bilingual Instruction
English Only Mandates
Loss of Native Language
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Bilingual Education ideally encompasses dual language learning that can take on any number of forms (Jarvis, 2006). The vast majority of research supports bilingual education as a necessity to facilitate not only learning on non-native speakers of English, but as a tool to maintain and promote heritage language and culture (Adams & Jones 2006; Combs et.al., 2005; de Jong, 2006; Hasson, 2006; Jarvis, 2006; Lee, 2006; Lopez & Tashakkori, 2006; Moses, 2000; Nora, 2000;). While research continues to indicate the benefits of bilingual education there has been recent influx of "English-only" mandates (Adams & Jones, 2006, Combs et. al., 2005; Lee, 2006; Moses, 2000) which perpetuate injustice manifesting itself in various ways throughout the educational experience of English language learners (ELL) (Adams & Jones, 2006; Combs et. al., 2005; Hasson, 2006; Moses, 2000)."

Tags:ELL, English Language Learners, ESL, English Second Language, bilingualism, dual, english only, NCLB, No Child Left Behind, immersion, Hispanic, Spanish, monolingual

Abstract
The paper discusses the various strategies that school systems have employed to better integrate native languages and cultures into their curriculum. The paper emphasizes the need for educational systems to develop an integrated learning system which addresses the learning needs and styles of all students rather than just the majority culture.

From the Paper
"The importance of understanding the impact that a student's native language and culture has on his or her ability to learn is critical in the success of the educational program the student is in. Zehler touches upon the importance and complexity of language and culture on educational success when she states that English language learners (ELL) have specific needs: "...they need to build their oral English skills. They also need to acquire reading and writing skills in English. And they must...maintain a learning continuum in the content areas (e.g., mathematics, science, and social studies)"(1994). Thus, educational programs and, indeed, systems must account for not simply for the ELL student's target language acquisition but the ELL student's entire curriculum base."

Tags:dual-immersion, bilingual, curriculum, minorities, diversity