Abstract The pros and cons of bilingual education continue as an argued debate across the United States. Unfortunately, much of the information on which people base their opinion is not correct. Numerous studies conducted over the past three decades show that bilingual education has been an effective educational tool. This paper shows that educators and other bilingual specialists are now also looking into other methodology, such as two-way or dualimmersion, that can enhance the basic bilingual curriculum.
From the Paper "Schools are finding that language development works both ways. Many Native American children, for example, have forgotten or have never known their original languages. So that the languages are not forgotten, kindergarten students learn everything from colors to numbers to animal names in Cherokee. Students are called by their native Indian names and speak in Cherokee for most of the day. These kindergartners are in the first Cherokee-immersion class in a U.S. public school. By teaching kids Cherokee and not just English, Lost City School in Oklahoma is working to help save a dying language."
Abstract This paper first introduces this method of teaching English to minority groups in the United States. It then looks at debates among academic about the effectiveness of this method and whether traditional bilingual methods of teaching are preferred. The writer explains the unique characteristics of this method and the advantages thereof to minority groups. It explains how the immersion approach is also used in Canada and compares this to the United States. It finally presents three various models of immersion approach teaching.
From the Paper "Immersion approach is being widely used today in American schools for the purpose of teaching English to children of minority communities. It has been noticed that because of traditional bilingual educational methods, children whose first language was not English were unable to acquire proficiency in English language. This dismal performance of bilingual education resulted in the adoption of immersion program which was designed by Canadian educators in 1960s. The program has now turned into a political issue as some quarters feel it is rather imperialistic an approach. But the success of this method has left many critics speechless but still it is important to implement immersion in such a manner that children would become not only proficient in English but would also be able to read and write in their native language."
Tags: teaching, methodology, immersion, english, language, foreign, canada, america
Abstract This paper discusses the dual court system in the U.S.A. and explains that this system refers to a two court system: the State Court system and the Federal court system. According to the paper, this dual system is an authority division system. The function of each court is discussed as well as court unification and the monolithic court system, where the two court systems merge together forming a single court system. In addition, the paper discusses which type of court is more beneficial.
Outline:
Introduction
Dual Court System
Court Unification and Monolithic Court System
Conclusion
From the Paper "Dual court system started as an assurance of limited federal intervention in local matters during the union formation. Earlier states created their own laws and the laws differed from state to state. Thus state courts were necessary for hearing cases relating to violation of those laws. The formation of the federal laws necessitated the creation of federal court systems. In present scenario, the two systems are distinct entities, neither one of which interferes in the affairs of the other."
Abstract This paper discusses current literature on the psychological, marital, and personal effects of dual earning couples. The paper studies the dramatic historical changes in the family caused by dual earning husbands and wives. In particular, the paper looks at the new new roles and relationships that have been etched out for all family members. The paper also discusses the impact of increased parenting stress on the family structure and its subsequent effect on child rearing.
From the Paper "Over the course of the past ... or so years, family patterns in the United States have undergone significant and at times dramatic changes. Included in these changes are the presence of dual earners in the family..."
Tags:dual income families, gender, marriage, child
Abstract The writer explores the differences and the similarities between single and dual parent homes and uses three sources to identify each category. The emotional, social and developmental characteristics of children from each type of home is analyzed.
From the Paper "In today's world there are as many children living in homes of single parents as there are children living in homes with two parents. It has become so commonplace that it is not unusual to hear questions such as "Does your dad live with you"? or "Are your parents divorced"? as a normal part of daily conversation. There have been numerous studies done on the effects of being raised in a single parent home and being raised in a dual parent home. Many differences between the two settings have been discovered and many similarities have also been noted. The one thing experts agree on is that they are not one and the same."
Abstract This paper reviews bilingual education programs, including transitional bilingual education, English as a Second Language (ESL), structured immersion, submersion, and two-way or dualimmersion. The author states that the National Council of Teachers of English found no research evidence to support the idea that non-English-speaking children will read, write, and do academic work in English better if first they learn to read write and do academic work in their home language. The paper concludes that bilingual education blocks the assimilation and advancement of minority students; therefore, to avoid such situations, students should be placed in English-only classes.
From the Paper "However, not all communities are able to provide their language ? minority students with such programs. As a result, a significant number of English -language learners are unable to accomplish well academically. Additionally, schools need sufficient funding from the government for recourses, programs and textbooks that will help minority students succeed academically. The costs of bilingual programs for minority students are estimated to be $5.5 billion, and for ESL $1.9 billion in. On the contrary, intensive English programs do not require so much funding. Besides, research shows that these programs are much more successful then bilingual programs in providing competency for non-native language learners."
Abstract This paper examines how, in ESL, immersion has been subject to some controversy and how it is felt that immersion is a good way to force learners into the intricacies of the new language. It discusses how the immersion program operates from the assumption that absolute proficiency in a language is not a requirement for effective instruction through the language and, therefore, by giving students a purpose for the new language they are using, they learn the language faster and more easily. It looks at how the program was initiated in Canada to help English speakers with their proficiency in French, the other official language of the country, and how the program has been adopted in various forms in the United States as well.
From the Paper "By using Second Language English as a medium of instruction, the focus is removed from language instruction, and thus the language itself. Instead specific academic knowledge is the aim. In this way the language learning process becomes subconscious; students attempt to express important concepts in the target language, rather than trying to understand the intricacies of the language itself. Studies have indicated the success of immersion programs. It does not appear that academic achievement suffers for using a second language in an immersion program as opposed to schools where the first language is used. It is therefore apparent that students do not experience much difficulty in attaining sufficient language skills to master the subjects they are required to learn through the language (ERIC 1995)."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the dangers of dual relationships within the mental health field. The writer maintains that counselors and therapists should avoid establishing or allowing the establishment of dual relationships within the context of their professional capacity. The writer concludes that this is not only an ethical imperative with respect to the client/patient continuum but also extends to dual relationships among patients in group therapy settings as well as relationships between coworkers and colleagues.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Dual Relationships in Group Therapy
The Counselor/Client Continuum
Conclusion
From the Paper "Clearly, these negative developments that arise due to the existence or the establishment of dual relationships can have a very real and a potentially very harmful impact on the counseling process within the group therapy setting. Yet, all of these negative attributes can just as easily develop within the dual relationship context in the single-patient counseling environment or in the back office relationships that arise within the clinic or treatment facility setting. In all instances, the effectiveness and the objective of the counseling process is undermined and made almost irrelevant due to the dual relationships allowed to develop."
An in-depth study researching student perceptions of the effectiveness of dual enrollment programs in preparing high school students for academic and personal success at a four-year university.
Abstract This paper presents a proposal to research Morgan Community College's dual enrollment program. The research aims to determine whether the students who graduate from this program experience the same level of academic success and satisfaction as those students who graduate from comparable dual enrollment programs.
Outline:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Review of the Literature
Chapter 3: Methodology
From the Paper "In recent years some students in high school have been allowed to take college-level courses that count towards their high school diploma and towards an associate degree. Earning college credit while still in high school can afford many students opportunities that are not available to students in traditional settings. For instance, by the time a student graduates from high school, he or she may have earned credits that will transfer and assist in training for the military, jobs, technical schools or college often at a reduced tuition cost or, in some cases, at no cost to the students (Bailey, Hughes, & Karp, 2002; Rajala, 2003)."
Abstract This paper analyzes Kant's philosophical system with reference to Descartes. The author explores Kant's system which raises many questions, particularly concerning freedom and the interaction of the two wills. If our definition of free will is re-evaluated and understood in a subjectivist sense, (much like the Copernican Revolution), Kant (and Descartes) provide a new concept of freedom as autonomy. Therefore, instead of preserving free will, these two philosophers produce a new understanding of it. The dual nature of the phenomenal and noumenal world continues to be a problem, but it remains so because of its very nature. It explains the human predicament: the cohesion of body and mind, and can go no farther.
From the Paper "Causality is a complex issue for philosophers who want to maintain morality and God. Although Immanuel Kant logically shows the necessity of causality for experience, he is unwilling to dismiss the idea of freedom. After all, moral and ethical judgments can only arise from a free will, for only if one's will is free can one be held morally accountable for one's actions. Kant, therefore, attempts to provide a metaphysical basis for believing in a free will, while still supporting causality."
Abstract This research paper examines dual credit option programs, which allow high school students to earn both college and high school credits while taking selected college classes.
Abstract This paper argues that both the buyer and the seller should each have his or her own agent when buying and selling real estate. The author discusses both sides of the issue.
From the Paper "Should a real estate broker attempt to represent both the seller and the buyer in a single transaction. The first response that most people are likely to give is that a broker should not try to do so because of the potential and even real conflicts of interest."
Tags:dual agency, conflict of interest, buyer, seller
Abstract In this article the writer discusses that the single ongoing problem in the dual career marriage is the lack of an egalitarian approach. The writer notes that while retired husbands tend to help more with household tasks, the wife continues to bear the responsibility for them. In addition, the writer points out that economic pressures will be uneven for the spouses. The writer discusses that men are more likely than their spouses to have earned a private pension benefit and have social security benefits.
From the Paper "What pressures on a dual-career couple might lessen after their retirement? Many patterns observed at earlier stages in the dual-career marriage will continue after retirement. One pressure that will not be alleviated for the woman after retirement is her husband's refusal to share in tasks. Since his socialization prevented his participation to this point, he will continue to avoid 'women's work'. On the other hand, his presence in itself may create pressure because of additional work. What most clearly distinguishes the retirement years from the previous years is not so much the absence of work as the absence of children."
Abstract This paper discusses the article, "Dual in the Sun," by John Brant, which is an in-depth background piece about the Boston Marathon in 1982. The paper focuses on the portion of the article which deals with the lives of the two principle stars that were co-protagonists in the race, Alberto Salazar and Dick Beardsley. The paper also focuses on many aspects of the Ronald Reagan era, in order to give us a better understanding of the period of the marathon.
Table of Contents:
The Ronald Reagan Era: Popular American Culture
The Ronald Reagan Era: Economics and Getting Tough
The Ronald Reagan Era: Nike
The Ronald Reagan Era: Sports Popularity and Drug Usage
The Ronald Reagan Era: American Design & Fashion
Drugs and Society - Beardsley's Problem
From the Paper "And while nearly 23% of college students are abusers of alcohol and prescription drugs, only 8.5% of the general public (people 12 years of age and older) is dependent on alcohol and/or prescription drugs. The painkillers most popular with students, according to the USA Today piece, are Percocet (which is one of the pills Beardsley was hooked on prior to his rehabilitation), Vicodin and OxyContin. In 1993, about 1 percent of students were using those prescription drugs; but in 2005 that rose to 3.1 percent of students, the article points out."
"The "binge drinking" problem on campuses, while still a serious issue, has not grown in percentages, the article concludes; about 40% of students in 1993 admitted to binge drinking "at least occasionally"; and in 2005, the same percentage admitted to binge drinking, which is described as "having five drinks for male students" and for females, four drinks, at "one drinking occasion" during the previous two weeks."
Abstract The paper discusses how the teaching of English learners in American classrooms has been a subject of debate for decades. The paper explains that most commonly, the conflict surrounds how much and to what extent the teaching should be done in the students' native languages. Three main methods have emerged that are the topic of review in this paper; structured immersion; dual language immersion and submersion. The paper points out that no method of teaching English learners is guaranteed. The paper concludes that until greater research is conducted, only partial recommendations can be made based on available research.
Outline:
Structured Immersion Dual Language Immersion Submersion
Conclusions
From the Paper "Structured immersion, also called sheltered English immersion, teaches English language learners in self-contained classrooms. These classrooms, comprised on only English learners, are still instructed in English but are separated from mainstream classrooms for some allotted time (Rossell 2005). Structured immersion uses little acknowledgement of the native language of English learners, and does not require additional academic reinforcement at home (Attinasi 1998). This method has currently been adopted in California and Arizona, and also to some extent in Massachusetts."
