Abstract
Kant is a philosopher usually associated with the humanistic viewpoint and, on occasion, as a commentator on political organization. In his essay on perpetual peace, Kant is speaking of the political form of government he calls a "republican constitution." The paper shows that the three main ingredients to his argument could be said to be citizens, rulers, and a "diplomatic corps." The republican constitution is said to have citizens, including the ruler, who have a voice in the governing of that community. The paper explains that the non-republican government consists of a single ruler, subjects rather than citizens, and the necessary bureaucracy or "diplomatic corps." The subject of Kant's essay, therefore, is the process of decision making in declaring war.

From the Paper
"From Kant's perspective, war is reduced to its simplest form in the consideration of social perception and, or, the absence of a collective need. He does not take into account that many of the world's most devastating conflicts have involved cycles of oppression, victimization and revenge. These are the reasonings of an individual that are then attributed to a state or philosophical view of government. For instance, imperialism is an act of war (oppression) that is derived from the individual's sense of greed and escalates into a nation state's policy of expansionism."

Tags:individualism, diplomacy, oppression

Abstract
This paper seeks to highlight the approaches, strategies, methodologies, principles, and lessons in a peace education initiative called The Young Peace Ambassador Program (TYPAP) that is being implemented in East Africa and the Horn of Africa. The paper explains that peace education in Africa is becoming an increasing area of interest for educators, civil society groups, UN agencies, and governments, and that peace education can help society move from the present individualizing tendency catalyzed by fear and dominance to a cooperative agenda based on dialogue and human dignity. The paper discusses Johan Galtung's "security versus peace" discourse and George Lakoff's "frames," which form part of conceptual discussions coupled with paradigm shifts touching on cultural possessions that must complement any future peace education initiative. The paper concludes that the long-term stability of the region will definitely depend on the fundamental issues or the root causes of conflict being addressed; peace education initiatives like TYPAP can help change mind frames and tilt the discourse from one that is "security" centered to one that is "peace" focused. However, the paper adds, the historical, cultural and socio-political realities of the conflict areas must themselves be part of this educational encounter for it to be more viable.

Table of Contents:
Background
TYPAP Operation Area-a Historical Background
TYPAP Operation Area-a Socio-Political Background
Brief Socio-Political situation- Kenya
Brief Socio-Political situation- Somalia
Brief Socio-Political situation- Somaliland
Peace Education - Conceptual Framework
Peace Education-Discourses and Frames
TYPAP DESIGN
TYPAP Goals
TYPAP approaches and strategies
TYPAP Content
Some LLT Themes
LLT Principles
LLT Methodologies
TYPAP Lessons Strengths and Challenges
Strength of LLT Toolkit and TYPAP
Challenges of TYPAP
Recommendations: Towards a More Viable Peace Education Discourse.
Conclusions
Recommendations
References Procedure
Results
Conclusions
Questions
References

From the Paper
"The TYPAP is Interactive in methodology. The rationale behind this is that learning is a social process that takes place by interaction among various groups. Thus, the TYPAP logic believes that through interaction, the young people through their Peace Clubs are able to share knowledge, exercise tools, improve skills, and finally explore their desire for peace, making it their way of life. Through the peace camps and peace clubs, seminars and peace building workshops, media involvement in children and youth peace/ethics education radio programs and youth visits to places like the genocide museum of Rwanda, it is expected that a strong network of youth will emerge which will value peace and promote a culture of peace in the TYPAP operational areas of northern Kenya and Somali/land. I will discuss in more detail other methodological approaches that TYPAP uses and promotes within its activities."

Tags:ethics, Somalia, land, Dar, as, Salaam, politics, conflict, resolution, war, fight, youth, soldiers, child

Abstract
This essay looks at people who have turned trauma and pain into a positive experience. It discusses the work of Mairead Corrigan Maguire who organized peaceful demonstrations in N.Ireland, wrote poetry that inspired millions and through her efforts to develop a "politics of mercy and forgiveness," won a Nobel Peace prize. The author goes on to discuss the wording of Martin Jordan's poem "The changes in our lives".

From the paper:

" Everyone wants peace in his or her everyday live. Sometimes peace is hard to come by for some people. However, Some individuals react to their pain in a positive way. For example, Irish writers Mairead Maguire and Martin Jordan write poetry about peace due the tragedies for the world and in their lives. So, in Misread Maguire's "The Vision of Peace" and Martin Jordan's "the changes in our lives" the main goal is to remind everyone that there should be peace all over of the world despite all of the pain we encounter."

Tags:N.Ireland, peace

Abstract
Woodrow Wilson did not possess the will to maintain peace after the Great War. The writer asserts that there were three ways in which Wilson contributed to the build-up of tensions before WWII. First was Wilson's failure in responding to the members of the Peace Accords in relation to the redrawing of German boundaries; his influence in tearing away predominantly German areas resulted in the planting of seeds for future war. The second reason that Wilson could not maintain peace was his inability to remove himself from partisan politics in America. The third reason was in relation to Wilson's "Fourteen Points", more specifically, the point of "self-determination." Close examination of these three points shows why Wilson is partly responsible for WWII.

From the Paper
"The Great War was a war of attrition. Many brave men on all both sides of the conflict, Axis and Allied Powers, met their fate fighting for their homelands during the years of 1914-1918. Never before had the world seen such a horrid war fought in the grand scope and magnitude of nations versus nations. Great sacrifices were made in part to the loss of human life through mechanization of artillery to the inception of chemical warfare. (Would such a tragic lesson be reason enough for peace among sovereigns?) Unfortunately, the peace was not afforded to the constituents of the Paris conference, nor those that threw away their lives in the second war that shortly followed in 1939. While there were many causes for the Second World War, it would be a herculean effort to name and attribute them all. A few of the major causes included the onset of war reparations since repayment would be next to impossible for the Germans to meet in the allotted time. Secondly were the sanctions imposed upon the size of the German military which was considered a measure of further alienation, and thirdly were territorial settlement disputes. All three factors were great causes that angered the Nazis to disregard the Peace Accords in the early 1930's with Hitler's rise to power."

Tags:accords, determination, great, hitler, league, nations, paris, peace, power, rise, self, treaty, versailles

Abstract
This paper summarizes Kant's "Perpetual Peace," which argues the accommodation of morality within political decision-making. A discussion of how through his work, Kant suggested various methods to handle international politics and relations. The author identifies the realist and liberal aspects of Kant's work and discusses the compatibility of Kant's ideas with classical realism.

From the Paper
"He maintains that a modern political state with established democracies cannot and should not work on power arrangements and strategies alone. As a moralist, Kant believes that politics should not be a function of material self-interest where the most consuming thought is to gain ones way at the expense of morals and in the end, peace. Instead, Kant suggests that there should be a limit to what politics should be allowed to do. This is applicable through a morally aware politician, who so interprets the principles of political prudence that they can be coherent with morality" (Kant, 1998) thus maintaining the "limiting condition of politics" (Kant, 1998)."

Tags:politics, morality, classical, realism

Abstract
This paper discusses how media is particularly dependent on sexual politics as a thematic representation and as a guiding force for human emotion and how this is particularly true with regard to dramatic representations in film. It focuses on two movies, which pay particularly close attention to sexual politics, "Swept Away" (the original 1974 and the newer 2002 versions) and "Pulp Fiction". It looks at how "Swept Away" pays particular interest to social class with an emphasis on sadomasochism and how "Pulp Fiction" deals with the inner workings of the sexual politics in a complicated subculture of sex, drugs and crime.

From the Paper
"The cinematography and setting of Swept Away in both film versions detail the loneliness of man in a world where individuals and whole societies express love and longing through materialism and end courting with violent and absurd expressions of pain and pleasure. The film, is similar in tenor to Nine 1/2 Weeks (1986) another cult classic film dedicated to the idea of sexual politics driving personal relationships and leading to not real love but love that is expressed through dominance and possession as well as objectified bodies. "

Tags:sadomasochism, materialism, sex, drugs, crime

Abstract
The paper begins by explaining the dangerous connection between religion and politics in India and the Hindutva movement's use of lower social groups in an anti-minority ideology. The paper discusses educated Hindus, NGOs and how different commissions are at work. The paper describes the new optimism with the Congress electoral victory of 2004, but also describes the more interesting work done by ordinary citizens to draw together diverse citizens, showing the emptiness of the Hindutva ideology and its incorrect view of minorities. The paper stresses Gandhism and Hinduism as forever changing entities.

From the Paper
"In India, nationalism and social reform seem to have gone hand in hand to Independence in 1947 and beyond. Western education, Christian social thinking and political activism shaped much activity before the turn of the 20th century. Members of every community contributed strongly to the Indian nationalist movement, including secular-minded Muslims who opted to stay in a secular India, rather than migrate to the new Muslim state of Pakistan. However, the rise of communalism and Hindu chauvinism in the Republic of India, in the late 1980s and 1990s, created a situation of new divisions."

Tags:india, hindu, peace

Abstract
The paper argues that the current ideology of democracy is far from being realized in a collegial environment, which has decidedly turned toward career advancement and self serving standards. The paper highlights how the article "Disengaging from Democracy" by Tim McQuade defines democracy as being far les present in the current American college scene, reflecting far less protest against how America is engaged within the international community.

Tags:politics, iinternational, democracy

Abstract
This paper provides a literature review of African American politics in the U.S. from Emancipation and Reconstruction through contemporary times. Included is a discussion of the ways Blacks have been disenfranchised and marginalized throughout history with respect to social, economic and political parity with whites.

From the Paper
"Educator and statesman Ralph Bunche proclaimed; "Every man in the street, white, black, red or yellow, knows that this is the land of the free and the cradle of liberty. (Foner) Unfortunately, a review of African-American politics and the Black experience in American history put the lie to Bunche's proclamation. Directly after the Civil War, emancipated slaves who were primarily poor and uneducated, represented a problem that loomed large for politicians, according to Unger. Despite ratification of the..."

Tags:Civil War, Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr., Marcus Garvey, Freedmen's Bureau, Jim Crow, Black Codes, voting, sit-ins, protest marches, National Guard, Arkansas, Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Abstract
This paper examines hippie philosophy and counterculture in the 1960s, whose main catch words were, peace, love, drugs, sex, music and resistance. The paper points out that, although hippies often abused drugs, their main goal was to promote peace between all countries, cultures, and communities. The paper adds that the hippies' philosophy and lifestyle were greatly influenced by sex and drugs, in turn influencing many of the popular arts of this time period, especially music. The paper concludes that hippies were a determined group of young people with good intentions, trying to make a positive impact on the world.

From the Paper
"1960 was a big year for hippies and was basically the beginning of the hippie movement, or at least when it became popular across the country. A large amount of racial tension built up with the lunch-counter sit-ins that were occurring around the southern states. Most hippies tried to calm the racial tension and create peace between all ethnic groups. They were advocates of peace and love for all people everywhere. Many civil rights activists and leaders were making progress on the movement in 1960 as well. The Civil Rights Act of 1960 was signed by Eisenhower and put into effect that year."

Tags:Vietnam War, drugs peace protest prejudice politics