Abstract This paper compares the different elements of crime statistics to substantiate that drug-related offenses appear to be increasing critically. The author points out that this is a dangerous trend in non-consensual arrests, which places people who have not committed violent crimes, such as murder, into prison population filled with dangerous offenders. The paper states that the policy off placing extremely harsh penalties for those people simply caught using the product is being implemented through the American government justice system.
From the Paper "This study examines the nature of drug-related crimes that have been steadily on the rise within America. By understanding the lowered rate of violent or murder related crimes within the U.S. in the past 6 years, one can begin to understand that drugs are now a central problem in crime related incidents. In essence, the greatly lowered rates of murder and other related violent crimes makes a direct link to the problem of non-consensual or drug related crimes a rising problem of law enforcement in America today. The growing rate of drug related charges against individuals and crime syndicates reveals an alarming rate of arrests in the past five years."
Abstract In this article, the writer explains that many people who have never been involved with or exposed to illicit drug use or distribution, probably glamorize the term drug-related crime to mean the movie like violence that occurs under the auspices of organized crime, such as that seen in popular organized crime television shows and movies. The writer points out that the reality is that drug-related crime is not the stuff of fables and is often associated with issues that are anything but glamorous and are very damaging on both a social and personal level. The writer discusses that one of the most crucial issues about drug-related crime, that has been on the forefront of the minds of those in hard hit areas is now finally being realized as federal officials begin to acknowledge that drugs are no longer a regional matter. The writer notes that whereas previously the federal government, as a matter of policy was not interested in focusing on one drug, but on the whole of the drug problem, it is now looking for ways to create change in the new face of the drug war.
From the Paper "Drug incarcerations often include only the arrests and detentions that are directly associated with drug violations and do not take into consideration the many individuals who are arrested and incarcerated doing cursory work to obtain drugs, such as theft, identity crimes and those who are arrested committing violent acts against their domestic partners and or children in rages that are induced by drugs, or in some cases the physical lack there of. The reasons for victimization are many and include the crimes one commits to obtain the illicit substance but also the secondary association of the violent crimes often committed by those who are lacking the present ability to seek more drugs."
"The kinds of policy changes that might assist law enforcement and the community in its bid to reduce the effects of drug related crime on the community are many but in the following quote there are several far reaching policy changes that could help reduce the kinds of evasive crimes that are at the heart of the over-taxation of the communities where these crimes are committed, and they include a change in the way that alcohol as well as illicit drugs are dealt with in society."
Abstract For several decades, drug use has shaped the American criminal justice system. Drug and drugrelated offenses are the most common crime in nearly every community. The paper shows that in order to handle this explosion of drugrelated cases, the court system has devised a drug case processing process.
Abstract Examines these courts as effective managers of drugrelated punishment. Contends that drug courts are the most effective method of punishment for drug offenders. Origins of drug courts in Florida in 1989. Conceptual and clinical elements that make drug courts successful. Addiction. Historical problems with criminal justice mandated treatment.
From the Paper "DRUG COURT AS EFFECTIVE MANAGERS OF DRUG-RELATED PUNISHMENT
The prototype for drug courts was developed in Dade County, Florida, in 1989. The drug court is a unique effort that uses the occasion of a drug-offence arrest as an intervention opportunity for drug offenders. Despite historical problems in criminal justice diversion and referral programs, the Dade County success rates have shown that these problems can be overcome through unique collaborative relationships, innovative treatment design, and the elimination of conventional gaps in the referral- treatment-monitoring ..."
Abstract This paper examines drugrelated police corruption and efforts to prevent it. It focuses on the benefits of community policing in preventing and detecting drugrelated police corruption.
Abstract This paper explores the growing cocaine and marijuana market in Latin American countries and the lack of local resources available to prevent this valuable and profitable industry from expanding even more. The writer of this paper details the U.S. military's role in aiding these countries, as well as the cost to the American people, while pondering if the American military should even be involved in drugrelated issues outside the U.S. The cost for the military intervention in the war on drugs continues to rise and has created entirely new perceptions about money and the military both within and outside the U.S. This paper discusses the military involvement in the war on drugs and cites the leading recipients of aid, military equipment, training and personnel. This paper also delves into a program, involving military participation, which was recently introduced in Congress, called the Western Hemisphere Drug Elimination Act. This act would authorized $2.3 billion over three years for military hardware, personnel, training and a small amount for alternative crop development in various Latin American countries.
From the Paper "Even though the House and various representatives have called on military action, the Pentagon was reluctant- albeit, it finally was dragged into it. Even though the Pentagon budget continues to grow, year after year, there are still concerns that legislators who dole out the tens of millions of dollars are underestimating the total cost. In a recent report to the House and Senate armed services committees, the Department of Defense estimated that "24-hour surveillance of the U.S. 'southern fence', the border from Jacksonville, Florida, to San Diego, full interdiction capability, and C13 programs, would cost between $480.4 million and $760.5 million annually, depending on the equipment mix ." All this money without a single soldier leaving the continental U.S.- even though advisers may now be operating in the various targeted Latin American countries. All that has been publicized, and strongly so, are planes and equipment, everything from helicopters to flame throwers which are supposed to be used by the local troops."
Abstract This paper discusses in detail the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain and how those effects play a role in the overall psychological constitution of the user/addict. The topics included in this paper include a brief yet detailed overview of substance dependence in conjunction with the evidence for psychological dependence as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV and other pertinent scientific sources. In addition, a number of recommendations for future research on the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol are discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
From the Paper "The study of the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain, as compared to other medical conditions, is relatively new in the field of medical research. Only within the last fifty years or so has the medical community focused on how drugs and alcohol affect the human brain and the conditions that arise from prolonged abuse of the various associated substances. As Dent J. Yerbury points out, "literally hundreds of substances cross the brain barrier to influence human behavior and psychology" (June,1986), especially those connected to substance abuse. Reflecting those substances that are most widely abused and that cause the most significant problems to the abuser, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM--IV) has divided the universe of substances into eleven specific drug classes--alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, cannabis (marijuana), hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, and sedatives. Most recently, one other category has been included for less commonly abused substances, being over-the-counter medications."
Abstract This paper examines the phenomenon of nurses who divert drugsrelating the problem to Kohlberg's moral stages of development. The paper also includes a brief examination of the statistics surrounding drug diversion practices among nurses, specifically within North Carolina and then throughout the United States, as well as mechanisms of diversion.
From the Paper "In 1984, the American Nurses Association (ANA) made a public announcement relating to its awareness of substance use and/or drug diversion among nurses as a major problem affecting the industry (West, 2002; Hrobak, (n.d.)); however West (2002) tells us that drug use, abuse and dependency among nurses has existed for over 150 years. Drug use and abuse among nurses is reported to be consistent with percentages among the general population, approximating 10% (Dunn, 2005; Hickey, 2006). While rates overall in the industry may mirror those in the general population, for state-board related disciplinary action for nurses, 67-68% were due to substance abuse issues (West, 2002)."
Abstract This paper focuses on drug-related violence committed by gangs. It attempts to analyze the major causes behind such violence and whether the trend the trend of gang violence is on the increase. The communities and demographic population in which such violence is most likely to occur are also discussed besides looking at certain possible ways of preventing or lessening gang violence.
From the Paper "The disturbing phenomenon of gang violence in the inner American cities has been a major concern of parents, communities, and the law-enforcing agencies for many years. Of late, several studies indicate that the nature of gang violence has changed, with lethal violence being more likely related to the drug trade than to gang rivalries. One such study shows that drug related violence represents between a third and half of all gang violence. The reasons behind such a trend are multifarious and linked to the nature of youth gang culture. It is essential to take a brief look at these reasons before we can analyze and discuss some of the ways by which drug-related gang violence can be controlled."
Abstract This paper states that drug addiction presents major challenges to psychoanalysts. The paper then notes that there are different techniques used to treat drug addiction but that the focus of the paper is on psychoanalysis as a mode of treatment for drug addiction. Next, the paper relates that gradually more experienced psychoanalysts are finding employment in drug addiction programs, but for them to be successful, they should be aware of different methods used in drug addiction treatment and try to incorporate them into their daily practice and job. The paper then discusses some of the various treatments available, focusing specifically on psychoanalysis. The paper concludes that people who are in the field of drug addiction treatment must try to have clear idea about using different methods of treatment as well as how to use and integrate these models effectively.
Outline:
Introduction
Psychoanalysis And Drug Addiction
From the Paper "To be exact, severe drug addiction is considered as being motivated by contradictory and unsettled relational kinematics that drawn from the premature systematizing relations in a individuals lives. As far as drug addiction is concerned, the terms of this disagreement discover solid look in distinguishing actions of using drugs that provide to spread it with the help of the mutual results of reinforcement and disguise. The objective of treatment is for patient and psychoanalyst to uncover the constituents of the relational ties that are embedded in the drug use, to reformulate these forces in figurative expressions, and tore-check them in the kinematics of the change, next to prospects for latest exchange. Seen this way, the treatment requirements of drug users can finely be convened by psychoanalysis, improved by other methods essential for dealing with addiction."
Tags: psychopathology, unsettled, relational, kinematics, traditional
Abstract The paper discusses a study that relates to the use of licit and illicit drugs and the affects that they have on teens and society. The paper describes how the study researchers contend that in regard to licit drugs, there is a growing concern for teens because licit drug abuse often leads to the abuse of illicit drugs. Furthermore, the study shows how licit and illicit drugs are closely connected to teenage suicides, with over 28,000 suicides reported annually.
From the Paper "While national statistics indicate that illicit drug use by teens has appeared to decline in recent years, the knowledge that many teens practice the abuse of licit drugs needs exploration, according to the researchers (Darboe, Keenan & Richards, 2002, sec. 1). This exploration was, therefore, conducted to determine whether theories of licit drug abuse had foundation in fact, or whether concerns regarding licit drug abuse are without merit."
Abstract This paper explains that the Toronto drug treatment court (DTC), a diversion program, has been a response to a Canadian normative criminal justice system that does not approach the underlying problem of addiction. The author points out that diversion programs, such as DTCs, are ways to interrupt the continuum of incarceration now associated with offenses created by the drug culture. The paper relates that the conventional criminal justice system offers little or nothing to counteract addiction beyond a possible referral to a treatment center, which usually brings no results. The author underscored that the Toronto DTC has a 4% recidivism rate as compared to a 45% recidivism rate of persons charged with drug-related offenses who do not pursue treatment diversion. The paper states that the cost-benefit analysis underscores the savings to the taxpayer.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Toronto Drug Treatment Court
Suitable Offenders
Making an Honest Effort
The Rights of the Offender
Benefits
Challenges to Expanding Drug Diversion Programs
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper "The Toronto Drug Treatment Court is located in the Old City Hall complex as is thought to be Canada's busiest court house, a place to be experienced for its many mainly poor Canadians to appear, its old fashioned premises and the main venue of the city's Aboriginal Diversion (Gladue) Court. On two visits to Drug Treatment Court, it was observed that the atmosphere is civil and collaborative. Judges spoke in a direct humane manner to offenders unlike what was observed in other criminal court settings. Support workers from agencies and volunteer groups, including former graduates of the Court, were present."
Abstract This paper explores the literature related to substance abuse treatment in the prison system in order to learn which programs are most effective in helping drug-addicted offenders achieve and sustain sobriety. It discusses how there are an increasing number of individuals serving time in jails and prisons for drug-related crimes and how the majority of these individuals have never received treatment for any form of substance abuse problems outside of the prison system. It examines the barriers to creating effective programs and how some model programs such as IMPACT in Chicago and the Delaware program, have incorporated the best understandings of effective drug treatment services for a prison population.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Problem
Assumptions
Delimitations of the Study
Definition of Terms
Review of Related Literature
Introduction
Obstacles
Legal Problems
Referral and Screening
Some Specific Programs
The Therapeutic Community Model
Other Models
Meditation
Analysis Evaluation and Findings
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper "Yet another program is the Jail Substance Abuse Program (JSAP). In this program, developed by the Washington County Health Department in Hagerstown, MD, there is an in-jail program of six weeks in a 17-bed treatment unit. This is followed by an aftercare treatment component. Again, most JSAP referrals come from the court, up to 80 percent, with the other referrals primarily from jail medical departments, classification officers, or self-referral. Potential clients are screened with a questionnaire that looks at drug and alcohol history, prior treatment experience, and withdrawall symptoms. They receive a comprehensive assessment that may include the Addiction Severity Index, the MAST, or the Mortimer-Filkins Test. Admission to the program is based both on the screening document and the assessment. Inmates who have long jail sentences, are on psychotropic medication, or have a history of violence are denied admission."
This paper discusses that surveys have shown that domestic violence (DV), which is a major problem in the U.S., is strongly related to alcohol and drug abuse.
Abstract This paper explains that domestic violence, when it includes not just the drug alcohol but also other mind-altering drugs, can be extremely vicious. The author points out that one of the most frequent and verifiable links to understanding DV is the cultural dynamics of individuals in the low-income bracket where violence is used as a strategy in conflict. The paper explores Sweden's anti-violence, alcohol-intervention campaign, which entails training in responsible beverage service for bartenders, enforcement of existing alcohol laws in bars, promotional posters in beverage retail stores, and a massive media campaign, as a model for the U.S.
Table of Contents
Statement of the Problem
Introduction / Thesis
Alcohol/Drug-related Family Violence Does Not Occur in a Social Vacuum
Present Realities and Statistics
What Does Alcohol Actually Do to the Individual and to the Brain?
Victim Treatment, Possible Solutions and Remedies
Conclusion
From the Paper "The fundamental difficulty with respect to studying DV, Jewkes asserts, is that "evidence for causation of intimate partner violence is weak, when assessed with epidemiological criteria" [since] diseases usually have a biological basis and occur within a social context, but intimate partner violence is entirely a product of its social context.? And, Jewkes adds, DV is often a "feature of sexual relationships or thwarted sexual relationships"? Alcohol, she concludes, is a contributor to intimate violence by both reducing inhibitions, and providing "social space" for "punishment"."
Abstract An examination of youth drug abuse and related criminal activity that makes a case for youth training centers as a more effective alternative to incarceration, to combat the growth of drugrelated crimes.
From the Paper "On an edition of NBC's Meet The Press former White House drug policy chief General Barry McCaffrey argued 'Our challenge right now is young people and crime; ..."
Tags: incarceration, rehabilitation, juveniles, law enforcement, criminal justice
