Abstract
This paper explains that the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, which created a differentiation of sentencing for powder versus crack cocaine offenses, has had a very negative impact on African-American offenders. The paper points out that the current problem is the perceived 'right' of the judge presiding over crack offense case sentencing to depart from mandatory minimum sentencing for these offenses. The paper also points out that this policy is shockingly perverse under the governing Constitution and its Bill of Rights. The paper then concludes with four policy recommendations to correct this situation.

Table of Contents:
Historical Background of the Policy
Current Problem
Description of Policy
Policy Analysis
Policy Recommendations
Policy Recommendation One
Policy Recommendation Two
Policy Recommendation Three
Policy Recommendation Four

From the Paper
"These are often the same lawmakers who are handsomely rewarded by public sector groups such as correctional officers' unions and other law enforcement groups, who also profit from criminalization and mass imprisonment. Less directly, the privatization of prisons contributes to and buoys the overall "culture" of law enforcement and criminal justice, one that levels our common sense understanding of the causes of our social problems and puts as their solution responses of violence, force and containment."

Tags:ownership, drug quantity disparity, judge, decision-making model, sentencing commission

Abstract
This paper analyzes and discusses disparity and discrimination in the criminal justice system, from policing, arrests, charging, prosecuting, sentencing and imposing prison terms. In particular, it looks at how Blacks and Latinos experience discrimination. According to the paper this is most apparent in the so-called "war on drugs."

From the Paper
Introduction A major cause of disparity and discrimination in the criminal justicesystem in this country has been brought about by the war on drugs as caneasily be seen by examining arrest rates prosecutions convictions andsentencing handed out to Whites as compared to Blacks Hispanics andNative Americans Race One quarter of all Black males and percent of Latino males can expect to spend time in prison during theirlifetime but only four percent of White males ever go to prison Youth African-Americans comprise almost

Tags:disparity, discrimination, race, war on drugs, arrests, prison terms

Abstract
This paper looks at racial disparity in sentencing, which finds that there is discrimination against Blacks and Hispanics in sentencing in criminal courts. In many cases, the Hispanics receive longer sentences, particularly if the crime involves drugs. There is an 8-page paper and a 2-page outline.

From the Paper
"In federal courts it has been found that ethnicity has a small to moderate effect on sentencing outcomes, with Hispanics being sentenced most harshly followed by Blacks and then Whites. (Steffensmeier and Demuth) Hispanics receive particularly harsher sentenced for drug offenses. A study of the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing showed that different courtroom participants contribute to racial and ethnic disparities under sentencing guidelines and there is differential exercise of discretion by different participants in the courtroom process which contribute to sentencing disparities."

Tags:racial disparity, sentencing, discretion, guidelines, Blacks, Hispanics

Abstract
In this article, the writer compares and contrasts the terms disparity and discrimination as they relate to the criminal justice system. The writer contends that disparity is a more significant problem because of inequities within society.

From the Paper
"The argument has been advanced that while discrimination does exist in limited areas of the criminal justice system a perhaps more significant problem is that of disparity those inequities or differences that exist with respect to individuals and groups who enjoy less advantaged positions within society. In defining discrimination the Michigan Law Review reference was made to the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that provides that no person or class of persons shall be denied the same protection ..."

Tags:disparity, discrimination, social class, society, laws

Abstract
This paper compares statistics from the United States and Canada in terms of income disparity and age, showing how the elderly earn less and may be retired so that they are dependent on pensions and government payments to live,. The paper analyzes how the retirement system in Canada is better shaped to maintain a level for the elderly than is the Social Security system in the United States.

From the Paper
"Income inequality has been examined from a number of perspectives, noting the wide disparity between the income of the richest and the poorest, between people in different jobs, between genders, between different racial groups, and on the basis of age. Many such inequalities are evidence of unfair distribution, while that for age suggests certain characteristics of working life as the cause. An examination of the age disparities in the United States and Canada show why this is so and also suggest some differences between the two countries. Income disparities exist within age groups and have more to do with unfair distribution caused by such other factors as race and gender, along with expected differences on the basis of education."

Tags:income, disparity, age

Abstract
This paper is about the drug trafficking problems of the Caribbean. The author examines the Caribbean region as a long standing area where illegal substances have been grown and sold. The people are poverty stricken and sell drugs as a means to make money. The author looks into the Caribbean's climate and location which make it an ideal place to grow and sell drugs. The people are able to transport drugs to other countries through the use of planes, boats, etc. The paper goes on to discuss how this poses as a threat to all countries because it makes drugs available which leads to drug problems for their citizens.

From the paper:

"The Caribbean is known for its agriculturally equipped weather conditions, which makes for most islands to be very fertile. Many farmers in the Caribbean grow drugs as part of their produce to earn more money. They can then sell the illegal substances to islanders, tourists, and then ship the rest off to be sold to other countries' citizens. This poses as a threat to the health of all people who are able to buy drugs as a result of drug trafficking in the Caribbean. It also poses a threat to governments because they have to use their funding on programs to educate citizens about the dangers of drugs as well as rehabilitate those citizens that are addicted to drugs and suffer from drug abuse."

Tags:abuse, caribbean, drug, trafficking, crime, health, risk, violence

Abstract
This paper examines the current drug trafficking crisis of the US - Mexican border, with an emphasis on the role of Mexican drug cartels. First, the paper gives some background about the growth of the drug business in Mexico. Then, it discusses the power of drug lords and barons in Mexico, showing the threat they pose to citizens. Next, the paper describes how the Mexican government is trying to eliminate the drug cartels and the steps that it has taken. It also shows how the drug cartels are fighting back, including its use of firearms imported from the US. The paper concludes by showing the stalemate on the part of both the US and Mexican government to take steps to eradicate the drug wars at this point.

From the Paper
"Efforts are being made by the Mexican government to eradicate the Mexican drug business which has reached alarming proportions. Authorities have indentified the three major drug cartels operating in Mexico. Gulf, Sinaloa and Juarez are words that almost any Mexican is acquainted with. They are the three drug organizations which provoke most of the chaos in Mexico as they have members spread all across the country. Mexico is home to much more drug cartels which are as dangerous as the other bigger organizations. Another notable drug cartel that has its members laid out in Mexico's most important areas is the Tijuana cartel."

Tags:drug cartels, narcotics, drug lords, illegal immigrants, US-Mexico border

Abstract
This paper discusses prescribed drug abuse. Looking back on the 14th Century will show that alcohol was the recreational drug with few prescription drugs available, but since the 14th Century the increase of prescription drug abuse has increased. The focus of the case study of Hannah McCoy discusses how the disorder affects people and solutions to prevent prescription drug abuse in adolescents.

From the Paper
The Problem of Prescription Drug Abuse Approximately two million adolescents have abused prescription drugs with over 20,000 deaths in 2004 because many teenagers believe that prescription drugs are safe ("Teens and Prescription Drugs," 2007, p. 2). Prescription drug abuse is the intentional abuse of different prescription drugs, including pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants and sedatives ("Teens and Prescription Drugs," 2007, p. 1). Looking back on the 14^th Century will show that alcohol was the recreational drug with few prescription drugs available, but since the 14^th Century the increase of prescription drug abuse has increased. The focus of the case study of

Tags:adolescents, drug, treatment

Abstract
This paper discusses two schools of thoughts regarding drug addiction -that it is a moral issue or that it is a brain disease that develops over time by voluntary actions that eventually lead to uncontrollable abuse of the drug. The author compares drug addiction to diseases such as Schizophrenia and depression and also explains why some may argue that drug addiction is a moral condition - as it involves a series of voluntary acts that often require planning and flexible responses to changing conditions. The paper also highlights the perils of drug addiction, not only to the drug addict and his health and mental well-being, but also to his family and to society.

From the Paper
"The genetic makeup of the human body determines how many doses or amounts of a drug a person can take before it affects the brain and that person becomes addicted. A Medical Doctor by the name of Alan Leshner wisely believes that most people see addiction as ''a crime, a disease, or a failure of will'' (Duran, 2007). The current question is: Should addiction to drugs be labeled a brain disease? While many people believe that drug addiction is simply the ''failure of will'' (Leshner, 2007) or a moral issue, others do believe that it is a brain disease that develops over time by voluntary actions that eventually lead to uncontrollable abuse of the drug."

Tags:drug abuse, neurology morals

Abstract
The paper discusses how the United States' government as a federal employer instituted a drug free workplace program in the 1980s under President Ronald Reagan. The program was intended to focus on the growing concern of individuals being addicted to drugs using drugs during working hours and the consequences of drug use was to include health issues. The paper explains how the federal government believed at the time that if a drug free workplace program were created for federal employees, other employers throughout the country would follow suit developing national awareness regarding the issue. The paper notes that the federal drug free workplace program has clearly defined policies regarding drugs and government employment.

Tags:drug, free, workplace