Abstract This paper looks at methods of speeding up the discovery, testing, and production of new drugs using new developments in technology. It discusses proteomics and the use of accelerator mass spectroscopy and their effects on the process.
Abstract The paper discusses the incidence of psychotropic drug use and confirms the rise in usage over the past three decades. The paper
focuses on one such drug, prozac, in examining the history of drugdevelopment, treatment, and successful or unsuccessful use in treating certain psychiatric conditions. The paper states that, because competition between drug manufacturers is at an all-time high, it is important to focus on the side effects of psychotropic drugs.
Outline:
Introduction
The Introduction of Prozac as a Psychotropic
Conclusion
From the Paper "Thus he states that it "would be worrying if Prozac altered my personality, even if it gave me a better personality, simply because it isn't my personality"; and he asks, "What could seem less authentic, at least on the surface, than changing your personality with an antidepressant?"[1] Elliott's thesis suggests that it would be inauthentic, and therefore morally problematic, for Marina to use Prozac for the purpose of changing her personality; indeed, if the drug had its intended effect, the resulting personality would not really be hers."
Abstract This paper looks at how the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and legal or illegal drugs by the mother during pregnancy can cause serious defects in the future physical, emotional, and intellectual development of her child. The paper also examines how the medical theories on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome have changed over the last decades.
From the Paper "For the record, those who work closely with FASD children point out that they may have certain positive characteristics in common that other children their age may be less prone towards, such as being tactile, loving, cuddly, clingy, with a lot of determination and persistence and compassion. They tend to be friendly and trusting (if to a fault) and have lots of spontaneous energy. Of course, many of these positive traits are brought out not so much by the syndrome itself as by the way the caretakers respond to the syndrome. Without proper parental (whether biological or adoptive) care, many FASD children become even worse off than they were destined to be by their early developmental setbacks. In fact, it has been theorized that some of the worst problems with many substance-abuse babies comes in equal amounts from the actual substance in their own bloodstream and from the way their parent's substance abuse will affect their future life."
Abstract The paper discusses how the United States' government as a federal employer instituted a drug free workplace program in the 1980s under President Ronald Reagan. The program was intended to focus on the growing concern of individuals being addicted to drugs using drugs during working hours and the consequences of drug use was to include health issues. The paper explains how the federal government believed at the time that if a drug free workplace program were created for federal employees, other employers throughout the country would follow suit developing national awareness regarding the issue. The paper notes that the federal drug free workplace program has clearly defined policies regarding drugs and government employment.
Abstract This paper explores the growing cocaine and marijuana market in Latin American countries and the lack of local resources available to prevent this valuable and profitable industry from expanding even more. The writer of this paper details the U.S. military's role in aiding these countries, as well as the cost to the American people, while pondering if the American military should even be involved in drug related issues outside the U.S. The cost for the military intervention in the war on drugs continues to rise and has created entirely new perceptions about money and the military both within and outside the U.S. This paper discusses the military involvement in the war on drugs and cites the leading recipients of aid, military equipment, training and personnel. This paper also delves into a program, involving military participation, which was recently introduced in Congress, called the Western Hemisphere Drug Elimination Act. This act would authorized $2.3 billion over three years for military hardware, personnel, training and a small amount for alternative crop development in various Latin American countries.
From the Paper "Even though the House and various representatives have called on military action, the Pentagon was reluctant- albeit, it finally was dragged into it. Even though the Pentagon budget continues to grow, year after year, there are still concerns that legislators who dole out the tens of millions of dollars are underestimating the total cost. In a recent report to the House and Senate armed services committees, the Department of Defense estimated that "24-hour surveillance of the U.S. 'southern fence', the border from Jacksonville, Florida, to San Diego, full interdiction capability, and C13 programs, would cost between $480.4 million and $760.5 million annually, depending on the equipment mix ." All this money without a single soldier leaving the continental U.S.- even though advisers may now be operating in the various targeted Latin American countries. All that has been publicized, and strongly so, are planes and equipment, everything from helicopters to flame throwers which are supposed to be used by the local troops."
Abstract This paper relates the issues of drug use, such as tolerance and dependence. The author defines psychological and physical drug dependence. The paper explores psychoactive drugs, marijuana and heroin and the way drug dependence develops.
From the Paper "According to "The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy" a single definition of drug dependence is neither desirable nor possible because some illicit drug use does not involve dependence of any kind. Drug dependence of a specific type such as heroin or cocaine dependence emphasizes the fact that different drugs have different effects as well as type and risk of dependence. Two primary concepts contribute to defining drug dependence, tolerance, which describes a need to progressively increase a dose to ..."
Abstract This paper attempts to answer the main question regarding the importation of pharmaceutical drugs; namely, whether or not the importation of foreign drugs should be allowed in the United States. For this purpose, the paper first examines the drug market structure in the U.S. and in Canada, with a focus on the existing price differential; it then scrutinizes the pros and cons in the importation debate on both sides of the border; and, in conclusion, it evaluates the merits of the arguments proposed by the drugs industry and by consumer associations.
From the Paper "The information technology revolution seems to have caught up with the pharmaceutical industry as a growing number of today's consumers have the ability to use broader and more comprehensive pricing information. The internet has given consumers access to cheaper drugs from Canada and has sparkled a far-reaching debate on U.S. drug companies? pricing policies. On one side, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the pharmaceutical industry claim that foreign drugs do not ascribe to U.S. safety regulations, thereby arguing for limitations on imports; while, on the other, consumer associations require unrestricted access to cheaper foreign produce. To further dilute the issue, Canadian politicians are loath to stop online pharmacies from operation due to strong growth in the sector and high profit margins."
Abstract This paper discusses the factors that contribute to the choice by teens to use drugs. Parental involvement and approach, peer pressure, a need to assert one's individuality and identity as well as psychological disorders are all examined as contributing factors in drug use. Current statistics of drug use in teens are provided and the relevant literature reviewed. Warning signs, high-risk behaviors and other information and suggestions for parents are included.
From the Paper "Adolescence can be described as a midpoint in ones life; when a person is neither a child nor an adult. During these years, teens go through both physical and emotional changes, which may result in confusion and frustration. Teens have passed the age when they were called kids but are not yet qualified to be responsible grownups. As is appropriate to this developmental state of life, teenagers tend to feel indestructible and immune to life's problems and tragedies. This state of feeling invincible, prevents most teenagers from linking present actions to future consequences."
Abstract This paper explains that the Chicago school theory, a legacy in the field of criminology, hypothesized in the 1920s and 1930s, states that where social institutions, norms and values are no longer functioning, high rates of violence, drug abuse, poverty and disease occur. The author points out pitfalls in this theory such as (1) gangs do not only exist in communities with few personal binds between residents and, even within ghettos, there are dependable residency patterns and strong community member ties and (2) the theory is based on spherical reasoning that is, social disorganization is the reason of criminal behavior, and crime is an indicator of social disorganization. The paper relates that the Chicago School theory fails to grasp that the contemporary street gang is planned as a business usually a drug-dealing business; therefore, this theory can no longer be used to understand these gangs.
From the Paper "A number of the initial work in the crime appeared from the University of Chicago in the 1920's. The job done at this school recognized long traditions of theories to help explain why crime occurs, and what to do regarding it. It incorporated the work of Robert Park, Ernest Burgess, Frederick Thrasher, and in later years the Chicago School theory of Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay. The crime deterrence plans appeared from this work, such as the Chicago Area Projects which ran for over half a century, were based on a simple notion: the finest unit of analysis to study crime was the neighborhood and the interrelationships of diverse groups within the neighborhood, such as the street gang. The ecology of crime approach used the neighborhood as the level of analysis, and it conceptualizes the neighborhood as a communal ecosystem."
Abstract This paper examines the phenomenon of nurses who divert drugs relating the problem to Kohlberg's moral stages of development. The paper also includes a brief examination of the statistics surrounding drug diversion practices among nurses, specifically within North Carolina and then throughout the United States, as well as mechanisms of diversion.
From the Paper "In 1984, the American Nurses Association (ANA) made a public announcement relating to its awareness of substance use and/or drug diversion among nurses as a major problem affecting the industry (West, 2002; Hrobak, (n.d.)); however West (2002) tells us that drug use, abuse and dependency among nurses has existed for over 150 years. Drug use and abuse among nurses is reported to be consistent with percentages among the general population, approximating 10% (Dunn, 2005; Hickey, 2006). While rates overall in the industry may mirror those in the general population, for state-board related disciplinary action for nurses, 67-68% were due to substance abuse issues (West, 2002)."
Abstract This paper discusses the ethical issues of intellectual property rights that prescription drug companies hold in comparison to the economic rights and goals of those companies.
From the Paper "In developing nations, many people do not have the advantages of the western world, including food, clean water, adequate shelter, and namely, health care. They are dying of diseases like Malaria, that can be easily treated and that most people in developed countries are vaccinated against. Prescription drug companies are not manufacturing the drugs that people in the developing nations need because there is no one able and willing to buy them. For this reason there is not a market to sell the drugs and these companies cannot make any money off of them."
Abstract This paper takes a look at what can be done, by way of viable options, to reduce the high rate of incarceration for drug offenses. The paper discusses several suggestions and uses a matrix analysis to determine that treatment programs (particularly those that are in-patient and allow parents in danger of losing their children to bring those children with them) are the most cost-effective and helpful way to lower the incarceration rate.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Problem/Objective
Background of the Problem
Proposed Alternatives
Decision Criteria
Research
Matrix Analysis
Choosing the Optimal Course of Action/The Recommendation
Implementation Plan
Program Evaluation
From the Paper "During this era, reformers also succeeded in restricting the government's legal authority to hospitalize mental patients involuntarily. Only persons determined to be mentally ill and dangerous could be confined to a psychiatric hospital without their consent. Requiring involuntary commitment of the mentally ill to be based solely on dangerousness was at the heart of the movement to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to encourage treatment in their community. Proponents of these civil commitment reforms emphasized the civil liberties of the mentally ill, especially their right to freedom and choice."
"In the neoconservative era of the 1980's, critics rejected the "rehabilitative model" in favor of the "just desserts" model of punishment. According to this view, the severity of punishment should depend on the seriousness of the offense and the criminal's prior record. As such, the primary goal of the criminal justice system is not to prevent future crimes through rehabilitation, but to dispense appropriate punishment to those who have earned it. The "just desserts" ideology presumes people are responsible moral agents who can choose between right and wrong. "
Abstract This paper describes the economic aspects of the pharmaceutical industry by focusing on the Pfizer Drug company. The paper examines the inelastic nature of pharmaceutical products, explains the oligopolistic nature of the pharmaceutical industry, looks at how pharmaceutical companies compete against one another, discusses the pricing of pharmaceutical products, and looks at what factors influence the business strategies of pharmaceutical companies.
From the Paper "Although Pfizer's claims to offer value to its consumers may be debatable, its contention that it is the leader of the industry in sheer dollar terms cannot be disputed. Of particular value to Pfizer as a stock has been its patent of the drug Viagra, and it continues to capitalize upon its dominance as an industry leader even in the second of its website that attempts to attract individuals to work for the company."
Tags: discovers, develops, manufactures, markets, prescription, medicines, health, care
The paper discusses the drug problems of the people of the Caribbean and the drug trafficking that goes on there. It also deals with the dangers that drug trafficking causes to other countries and their people.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 5 sources, 2001, $ 101.95
Abstract This paper is about the drug trafficking problems of the Caribbean. The author examines the Caribbean region as a long standing area where illegal substances have been grown and sold. The people are poverty stricken and sell drugs as a means to make money. The author looks into the Caribbean's climate and location which make it an ideal place to grow and sell drugs. The people are able to transport drugs to other countries through the use of planes, boats, etc. The paper goes on to discuss how this poses as a threat to all countries because it makes drugs available which leads to drug problems for their citizens.
From the paper:
"The Caribbean is known for its agriculturally equipped weather conditions, which makes for most islands to be very fertile. Many farmers in the Caribbean grow drugs as part of their produce to earn more money. They can then sell the illegal substances to islanders, tourists, and then ship the rest off to be sold to other countries? citizens. This poses as a threat to the health of all people who are able to buy drugs as a result of drug trafficking in the Caribbean. It also poses a threat to governments because they have to use their funding on programs to educate citizens about the dangers of drugs as well as rehabilitate those citizens that are addicted to drugs and suffer from drug abuse."
This paper explores drug prohibition in America. It is written from a point of view that supports the legalization of drugs. Political, constitutional and financial affects on American government are discussed.
3,087 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 11 sources, 2001, $ 90.95
Abstract This paper examines the repercussions of drug prohibition. This paper is written from a point of view that supports the legalization of drugs. It explores the history of America's ?War on Drugs? from a political and financial standpoint. Crime, civil liberties, foreign countries economies and medical uses for illegal drugs are discussed. Many of the statistics that are studied in this paper are taken from the DEA's web site and proven to be invalid through outside sources. This paper looks at where the government funding for drug prohibition goes; it also looks at drug prices, crime rates and statistics pertaining to the inmate population of drug offenders.
From the Paper "Every year America's drug policies are debated in Washington. These drug policies are never debated seriously, the only aspect our elected representatives focus on is how much more money should America spend battling drugs. Outside of Washington there is a growing unease about the war on drugs. Many Americans are concluding that the drug war has been given a fair chance to work and has failed. America's war on drugs is an unsuccessful battle, and it's time for a governmental reform."
