Abstract
This paper discusses `neutralization' or drift theory in relation to a well known Canadian false conviction. The paper centers on a popular nonfiction account of the Milgaard case in Canada in which a youthful deviant who was known to police was false indicted and convicted of a sex-murder in Saskatoon in 1969, serving 22 years before a new investigation that cleared him. The writer presents a reflection on drift theory as explaining Milgaard's early life situation distinguishing him rather completely from the person eventually found guilty of the crime concerned.

From the Paper
"It refers to a popular non-fiction account from which more than one film has been made. Carl Karp and Cecil Rosner's When Justice Fails - the David Milgaard Story was produced for a popular readership, explaining in some detail how a typical quasi-delinquent of a certain location, background and belonging to a certain generation served 22 years in penitentiaries for a sex murder he did not commit. (1998) The book is detailed but is very sensational in its ..."

Tags:drift, theory

Abstract
This paper describes the continental drift and plate tectonic theories and traces their history, discusses the key players who were involved in developing the theories and examines the current state of scientific knowledge about Earth's geology and paleontology.

From the Paper
"The idea that the earth's continents have drifted has a long history. As long ago as 1596 the Dutch map maker Abraham Ortelius in his work Thesaurus Geographicus Ortelius suggested that the Americas were "torn away from Europe and Africa . . . by earthquakes and floods." He had been the first (and certainly not the last) to notice the apparent "jig-saw" fit of the bulge of eastern South America into the bight of Africa. (Kious and Tilling, 1999) In around 1850 A.D., a French scientist Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, while researching the similarity of the fossil plants and coal deposits in North American and European and concluded that the phenomenon could only be explained if the two continents had once been connected. In 1908 Frank B. Taylor of the United States invoked the notion of continental collision to explain the formation of some of the world's mountain ranges."

Tags:continents, land, masses, constantly, moving, collided, broken, apart, drifted, framented, oceans

Abstract
This paper examines how genetic drift occurs when a subset of a population contains different gene frequencies than the larger population because it is a small sample. Over time, evolution and natural selection will work together to make the gene pool of a smaller population different from that of the greater allele distribution. It attempts to show how genetic drift is an important component of evolution and how, together with natural selection, it works to ensure genetic variety in all species.

From the Paper
"The Old Order Amish of Pennsylvania mate within their own community, and seldom involve the outside community. This loss of genetic diversity has led to a higher incidence of certain inherited diseases within Amish communities. For example, the founder effect in the Amish settlement has caused a variety of conditions, such as dwarfism and Crigler-Najjar syndrome, where the body can't break down bilirubin. Maple Syrup Urine Disease is much more common in the Amish, as is Homocystinuria, where an individual's blood vessels are damaged. In the case of polydactyly, where a person has extra digits, the prevalence among the Amish is much higher. "Today, thanks to large families and restricted marriages, the number of cases of polydactyly among the Amish exceeds the total number in the rest of the world." (Lewis, 246)."

Tags:gene, intermarriage, phenotypes, allele

Abstract
This paper discusses how science has developed many theories of how the earth works to explain natural disasters and why they are a continuous part of human life. According to this paper, one such theory concerns the continental drift and plate tectonics that was explored to explain why certain natural formations upon the earth and in the seas are consistently changing.

From the Paper
"Redfern attempts, through his writing, to explain a concept of science that has been beneficial to humankind by exploring natural change sin the earth. Redfern contends that the concept behind the continental drift is that the earth is formed in large plates, which are massive sections beneath the surface. Redfern states that Continental crust is very different from the crust that floors the oceans. Ocean crust is predominantly magnesium silicate, whereas the continents contain higher proportions of aluminum silicates. They also contain less iron than the denser material of the mantle or of the ocean floor. "

Tags:natural, science, tectonic

From the Paper
"During the past century, considerable advances have been made in the field of geology. The discovery of plate tectonics has provided researchers with a unifying theory that explains many fundamental earth processes. Of the various hypotheses that led to plate tectonic theory, the most important was proposed by Alfred Wegener. Wegener's ideas on continental drift were supported by much evidence. However, perhaps because of its overwhelming implications, the theory was met with considerable resistance. Only in recent decades has scientific investigation collected sufficient evidence to definitively establish the validity of the continental drift hypothesis.

The theory of plate tectonics describes a lithosphere consisting of approximately the Earth's outer 100 kilometers.... "

Abstract
The writer of this paper details the exploration of the ocean floor which began in the 1940s and aided scientists in developing the theory of plate tectonics. This paper explores how the work of researchers like Albert Wegener and James Hutton and the study of plate tectonics helped predict with some degree of accuracy where and when an earthquake will strike as well as predict which of the world's active volcanoes will erupt, saving countless lives.
Topics covered in this report include:
The Theory of Continental Drift
This Dynamic Earth-Developing the Theory
Plate Tectonics
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Abraham Ortelius, a Dutch mapmaker, first suggested the possibility that the earth's landmasses were not fixed in 1520. He suggested that the Americas were once attached to Africa and Europe. They were then ripped apart by earthquakes and floods, creating three continents. It wasn't until the early part of this century, when a German meteorologist named Alfred L. Wegener became intrigued by this concept and the ideas set forth by other scientists that land bridges had been connected the continents at one time, but had then sunk into the ocean."

Tags:science, james, hutton, earthquake, volcano, geology, abraham, ortelius, alfred, wegener, ocean, earth

Abstract
This paper begins by providing an overview of the early life and education of scientist Alfred Wegener. It then discusses his initial idea of the Theory of Continental Drift and how this developed. The writer then explores different evidence for the theory and examines the concept of 'panagea'. The paper discusses reactions to Wegener's theory as well as support. It concludes with a discussion on his final expeditions and what he hoped to achieve.

From the Paper
"Alfred Lothar Wegener (1880-1930), German meteorologist, Arctic explorer and a brilliant interdisciplinary scientist, is best known as for his theory of "continental displacement" (that became famous, later, as the theory of continental drift). Since the technological means for proving the theory had not yet been developed and the idea was a radical departure from the scientific thinking of the time, Wegener's theory was widely rejected during his lifetime. After gradual accumulation of evidence in support of the idea, the theory finally gained acceptance in the early sixties."

Tags:panagea, expedition, science

Abstract
The paper summarizes the book "Drifting Together: The Political Economy of Canada-US Integration", outlines its importance to a novice student's understanding of Canadian and business history, defines the text's thesis and enumerates the shortcomings of that thesis. The paper also calls into question the strength of some of McDougall's key underlying ideas or themes and suggests that, in addition to not quite achieving his goal of persuading people to see Canada as becoming an unofficial state of the giant to the South, McDougall has a personal bias that hurts his cause. In the end, the paper concludes that the book is interesting, even informative, but not altogether authoritative.

From the Paper
"The following paper is a book review of John N. McDougall's, "Drifting Together: The Political Economy of Canada-US Integration". The review will summarize the book, outline its importance to a novice student's understanding of Canadian and business history, will define the text's thesis and enumerate the shortcomings of that thesis. The next several pages will also call into question the strength of some of McDougall's key underlying ideas or themes and will suggest that, in addition to not quite achieving his goal of persuading people to see Canada as becoming an..."

Tags:political, economy, integration

Abstract
This paper purports to investigate our greater understanding of the unified theory of plate tectonics and seafloor spreading. The structure of the earth and the traditional theory of continental drift is examined, followed by a look at the more unified theory of plate tectonics. The global ramifications of this theory is investigated by examining the damaging tectonic activity caused by seafloor spreading, specifically earthquakes as well as the hazards these earthquakes in turn generate, namely tsunamis. Case studies are provided to illustrate the damaging nature of these natural forces. Finally the paper examines whether these hazards can be predicted or prepared for given our greater understanding of their causes.

From the Paper
"The Earth is a layered planet consisting of the crust, mantel and core as illustrated in Figure 1 below. Due to the intense heat during the formation of the planet, Earth was mostly molten. The more dense materials sank to the centre forming the core while the lighter materials floated to the surface and gradually formed a rigid layer called the lithosphere (Byatt 2001:18). The upper part of this lithosphere is called the crust, a layer about 80km to 40km thick (Strahler & Strahler 1989:254). The lithosphere also includes the upper part of the mantle called the asthenosphere, which is highly heated to a state that is semi plastic. The rigid, brittle lithosphere, which is broken into large fragments called lithospheric plates, has the capability of moving over the soft, plastic asthenosphere."

Tags:drift, earthquakes, floor, hazards, lithosphere, plate, sea, spreading, tectonic, tectonics, tsunamis

Abstract
This paper presents Victor Davis Hanson's "Carnage and Culture", in which he argues that over the past twenty-five hundred years, beginning with Hoplite warfare in ancient Greece up to nuclear technology in the United States, the West has predominantly overpowered non-Western civilizations in battle. The rise and ultimate domination of the West, he claims, can be attributed not to geographic advantage, luck, or bravery, but to the peculiarly violent culture that nurtured and encouraged military superiority. This militaristic culture reflects the larger social, economic, political, and cultural abstractions that gave way to its military dominance. This paper examines the Western way of war with reference to the battles at Guagamela, Cannae, Tenochtitlan, and Rorke's Drift, and shows why, over twenty-five hundred years, the West has won.

From the Paper
"At the battle of Gaugamela in 331 B.C.E. Alexander III of Macedonia crushed the Persian army and claimed himself king of Asia. The most obvious key factor of Western military practice " decisive battle " allowed the outnumbered Macedonian force the upper hand along with organization, discipline, and command. The Persians before had experienced a rude awakening to shock combat when their lightly armed troops invaded the heavily clad charging masses of metal at Marathon. One hundred sixty years later the Persians faced a more advanced form of hoplite battle; although they hired Greek mercenaries, they still were not able to compete."

Tags:Cannae, Tenochtitlan, Rorke?s, Drift