Abstract
This paper explores the world famous Dreyfus Affair and its place in history. The paper relates that Dreyfus was a Jewish military officer accused of treason, and Emile Zola wrote an open 4,000 word statement to the president of France, entitled I ACCUSE, you of conspiracy, cover-up etc.

From the Paper
"In order to fully explore the scope of the statement: "Captain Dreyfus would have lived his life out on Devil's Island had it not been for Emile Zola's passion for justice," the entire interplay and surrounding social construct of France in the late 19th century has to be considered. No one person stands alone in the context of history, and there is no more evidence of this than the high drama known as the Dreyfus Affair, that is still remembered, and in some cases celebrated, today. "There are no fait divers in history," quoting Theodore Reinach, Histoire Sommaire de l'Affaire Dreyfus, 1924, p.1. Faits Divers is a French..."

Tags:dreyfus, zola, france

Abstract
This paper discusses the false accusations of treason against the French army captain, Alfred Dreyfus, and what later became known as the Dreyfus Affair. The paper describes the accusations made against Dreyfus in 1894 and discusses the "evidence" that was presented against him. The paper then goes on to describe the efforts of those who worked to secure his freedom and how the case was finally resolved in 1905.

From the Paper
"Emile Zola, the prolific French writer, who had been working for justice wrote a letter in Clemenceau's newspaper L'Aurore, accusing the senior army officials of wrongly convicting an innocent person. This letter and several other such attempts to prove army's guilt led to violent divisions in French social and political circles. There were those who opposed Dreyfus' release and saw the whole thing "as a German-backed Jewish and Socialist conspiracy to humiliate France" while his supporters "maintained that the Republic was threatened by conservative military aristocrats." (Cavendish, 1999)
Emile Zola and Oscar Wilde had both been instrumental in this fight for justice along with some other prominent figures. "Within two years of Oscar Wilde's death in November 1900, he was hailed in the English periodical To-Day as "one of the direct instruments in freeing Alfred Dreyfus." Readers were reminded that "now that poor Wilde is dead, one may easily forget the little side of his character, and rejoice that such a brilliant star, even after its fall, lighted the way towards a great act of justice"" (Maguire)"

Tags:innocent, victimization, anti-semitism

Abstract
This paper will discuss the book by Michael Burns: "France and the Dreyfus Affair". There will be a reflection on the social, political, military, and literary events that took place at the time and their effects on French history. The Dreyfus Affair will be discussed and its content.

Abstract
This paper looks at the setting and political backdrop behind the 1886 arrest of French Jewish military officer Alfred Dreyfus for passing on documents to the German army. It examines how he was was arrested, not allowed to have contact with anyone outside the prison, pressured into a false confession, court-martialed behind closed doors, and convicted. It looks at the attempts to prove him innocent, including those of prominent journalist Emil Zola, and how he was eventually acquitted and returned from Devil's Island in 1896.

From the Paper
"Still determined to protect their reputation instead of promoting the truth, the military charged Zola with the very serious French crime of "slandering the military." (Editor, 1998) Zola was found guilty, and he was sentenced to a year in jail (Staff writers, 2004). He managed to escape to England and thus avoid going to jail, and continued his campaign from there to free Dreyfus (Editor, 1998). As the efforts of the military cover-up became more and more obvious, intellectuals around the world spoke out for Zola, who had previously criticized the French press for their anti-Semitism (Editor, 1998). At this point the Dreyfus affair had become completely politicized with Royalists, military and nationalist factions all taking one stand, with Republicans, socialists and anti-clerical groups on the other side (Staff writers, 2004)."

Tags:emile, zola, jew, anti, semitism

Abstract
The facts as presented and the procedures used will be the primary areas of focus. The verdicts, subsequent appeals, and sentences will also be considered. The cases will then be compared and contrasted and appropriate conclusions will be drawn. In the final analysis, it will be clear that both cases are examples of so-called 'witch hunts' to satisfy prevailing political and or social interests rather than justice. Accordingly, they are both very low points in western jurisprudence.

From the Paper
"This research paper traces the course of the Dreyfus Affair in the French Third Republic between 1894 and 1906 and examines the cardinal role played by anti-Semitism in its origin and development. Captain Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935), son of a wealthy Jewish-Alsatian textile millowner, and a member of the French Army's General Staff, was convicted in 1894 and again in 1899 of treason by military courts. He was originally given a life sentence. He was stripped of his rank and officially degraded. He served nearly five years' imprisonment on Devil's Island before he was pardoned by the President of the Republic in 1899. Even though the evidence against Dreyfus was insufficient to warrant his conviction, it took his family and other defenders (Dreyfusards) 12 years before France's highest..."

Tags:FRANCE, JEWISH, STUDIES

Abstract
Emile Zola was a French critic and writer, better known for his extreme opposition of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and his fiery social commentaries against society in the 19th century. The paper shows how Zola was intensely interested in portraying life as he saw it without romanticizing about some of its aspects. It describes how initially his works did not receive much public acclaim but after the publication of "Therese Raquin" in 1867, he became a well-known literary figure in France. The paper shows that from 1871 to 1893, Zola focused on the publication of what is now known as the Rougon-Macquart series. Under this series, he came up with what are considered some truly amazing novels including "L'Assommoir" (1877), "Nana" (1880), "Germinal" (1885) and "La Bete Humaine" in 1890. The paper also discusses Zola's involvement in the Alfred Dreyfus affair.

From the Paper
"This brings us to an important feature of his works i.e. naturalism. From the proposal above, it is clear that Zola was a naturalist and believed in presented his stories in the light of his definition of naturalism. Zola was the pioneer of a new creed of naturalism, which focused on reality and its true depiction. His kind of naturalism was based on true depiction of life, as it exists. Not much was added to or subtracted from what the author observed during his research on various topics. Everything was presented in its real form with intense focus on human emotions and thoughts. For example at one point ion Germinal, the author used the technique of naturalism to foreshadow the ending. Characters appear almost real and thus their thoughts and emotions can be related to. There is no artificiality or shallowness in their portrayal neither is there an element of romanticism anywhere."

Tags:naturalism, Devil?s, Island, J'Accuse

Abstract
This paper examines Jack Mezirow's transformation theory, Margaret Newman's theory of health as expanded consciousness and Patricia Benner's novice to expert theory as related to senior nursing students and new graduate nurses transforming into registered nurses. For each of these theories, the author describes, critiques, evaluates its application to new graduates nurses, identifies concepts to be included when educating nursing student and presents the inter-relationships of these theories. The paper concludes that these models are appropriate to nursing because each theory includes a change in the belief system or assumptions of the adult learner and a replacement of currently held beliefs with new updated and more accurate beliefs. The paper includes a table and figures.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Transformation Theory of Jack Mezirow
Margaret Newman
Patricia Benner
Comparison of the Theories of Mezirow, Benner and Newman
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Mezirow's 'Transformation Theory' is applicable to adult learning theory and is a theory that explains the process of how adults develop experiential learning and is one in which the learner gains an awareness of their own assumptions, which they may not have had an awareness of before. As well, the learner becomes aware of the assumptions of others in order to examine these beliefs and then to update the beliefs with new knowledge or ultimately may reject the previously held beliefs altogether based upon the acquisition of new or more relevant knowledge."

Tags:proficiency assumptions, experiential learning, dreyfus model, person-environment

Abstract
The "dream argument" may have been a truly-lived expression of doubtfulness during Descartes's era. This paper notes why Descartes and his contemporaries may have been truly puzzled, given the state of scientific understanding at that time. Today, one cannot even get to the point in which proving or refuting Descartes's dream argument would make any sense. One cannot simply lift the dream argument out of those circumstances and transplant it to our times. The paper shows that what may be appropriate is to look at computer technology today and ask whether computers can think, dream, and be deceived by their dreams.

From the Paper
"One can first begin with the question of whether computers can really play chess. Over thirty years ago it would have been very apparent that chess game software (and the corresponding hardware) had a challenging time competing with someone who was a decent chess player. When the question was asked over thirty years ago, it was possible to answer the question in the negative by way of showing the essential differences between how a human makes a move in chess versus how a computer performs the same operation."

Tags:dreyfus, outside, world, technology