Abstract This report provides an introduction to the current development of Yangtze River transportation in the aspects of economy, hinterland, dredging and container port. A further development plan of Yangtze River as well as a blueprint of dredging work announced by the central government are also briefly revealed. Finally, an introduction to three of the top five ports along the Yangtze River are given, in addition to PSA's China's prior research work on the remaining two of the top five ports i.e. Taicang and Zhangjiagang.
Outline:
Brief Introduction on Yangtze River
Economy & Hinterland
Yangtze River Transport
Development in Yangtze River Transportation
Port Along Yangtze River
Further Development Plan of Yangtze River
Dredging The whole truck line
Responsible parties
Blueprint of dredging work
Lower Reaches
Brief Introduction on 3 of the Top 5 Ports Along Yangtze River
Nanjing
Wuhan
Chongqing
From the Paper "The emergence of important cities and industrial belt along the Yangtze is closely related to shipping on the river. By transporting raw materials, components and finished goods to and from industrial bases, the river plays a vital role in Yangtze region today. Statistics shows that the Yangtze Rivers carries 80% of the iron ore, 72% of the crude oil and 83% of the coal demanded by large factories and enterprises along the river. In some provinces and cities, more than 80% of foreign trade relies on the Yangtze River. Moreover, the transport of liquefied petroleum gas, chemicals and asphalt, as well as ro-ro transport, are also developing rapidly."
"According to the Yangtze Administration of Navigational Affairs, cargo throughput on the Yangtze reached 990m tons in 2006, 3.5 times as much as in 2000, and 3.8m TEU, 5.6 times higher than that of in 2000, making it the world's largest river in terms of freight volume."
Abstract The paper explains that Hudson River has been characterized as one of the country's worst cases of PCB contamination. The author points out that community residents have advanced two primary issues of concerns about the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) announced plan to remediate the high concentrations of PCBs in the Hudson by dredging the material from the river: (1) the possible re-suspension of contaminants during dredging and (2) the disposition of dredged PCB-contaminated soil. The paper relates that, despite the glaring need for more research to identify better ways of remediating the affected parts of the Hudson River, the fact remains that the industries, which are primarily responsible for the problem in the first place, continue to stonewall by introducing spurious studies they have funded in an effort to delay or avoid any responsibility. The paper includes a table.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview.
Stakeholders in the Hudson River Case.
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "Other metals such as barium, chromium, aluminum, lead, and manganese are also being released into the Hudson from runoff and discharges points, and are sometimes found at discernible levels in ambient water quality testing in the lower Hudson. During a 14-year period in the late 20th century, researchers found that (a) lead represented 58.5 percent of violations of Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) water quality standards for the protection of human and aquatic life, (b) cadmium for 6.1 percent, and mercury for 4.7 percent, out of a total 2,123 water quality violations in the Hudson River."
Abstract This paper discusses how concrete gravity dams are effective in most part due to their extreme size and weight, which counters all external forces, and how, used for many things, dams such as these can generate enormous amounts of hydropower and create massive reservoirs when necessary. Although dams do pose a certain amount of risk on the environment and those living around them, the positive aspects of dams seem to outweigh this risk.This paper explores the design behind concrete gravity dams, including but not limited to hydropower uses, effective external and internal forces, dam site selection, and many other related topics.
From the Paper "Throughout the history of dams, many failures have been attributed to weaknesses in the concrete used in the construction of the dam. Because the concrete is the main component in most large dams, it is important that it meets certain standards. Concrete is susceptible to deterioration, especially if it is constantly freezing and thawing (Jansen 109). It is important, when designing a concrete gravity dam, to recognize that the concrete will become saturated over time. When the Saint Francis Dam collapsed in 1928 less than two years after it had been built, it was found that the engineers had not implemented into the design the idea that the concrete would become saturated and therefore become less effective. For this reason, among others, the resultant vector of the forces acting on the dam was misplaced (outside of the middle third of the foot) and the dam eventually collapsed (Jansen 181). In later investigations, the concrete was also found to have a void ratio of 14%, which would increase the degree of saturation (Jansen 179). "
Abstract This paper details the harm that U.S. businesses cause to the environment and freshwater systems in America. The writer of this paper shows some of the steps that have been taken in attempts to curtail the destruction of the environment by American business industries. This paper also probes the recently emerged reports that the nation's water system is being polluted by the pharmaceutical industry and its impact on the environment.
Topics covered in this report include:
Introduction
125 Groups Prod EPA to Protect Our Water
Pesticides in Streams of the United States-Initial Results from the National Water-Quality Assessment Program
More Waters Test Positive for Drugs
Dredging Churns Up Toxic Chemicals
Long-Term Ecosystem Response to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Dishonorable Discharge: Toxic Pollution of America's Waters
Summary of State Water Quality Laws Affecting Agriculture
Fables of Federal Regulation
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Increasingly, one can find evidence of the harm that American businesses do to freshwater systems in the country in government, scholarly, and news publications. A number of such publications are summarized below in an attempt to show that, in the arena of freshwater systems in the United States, the changes that are slowly being made to policy and practice are not yet enough to counteract the destruction of these systems by factories and other holdings of American industry and business."
Abstract This paper explains that, in lakes that have suffered years of external loading, high levels of bound phosphorus are released from pools into the surrounding water column. Phosphorus in pools is bound in many forms including redox-sensitive iron compounds and loosely bound organic compounds. The paper describes the microbial action, chemical reactions and physical disturbance to the sediment layer, which contribute to the release of phosphorous into the water column. The paper also reviews several management techniques, such as removing heavily contaminated sediment from the lake floor and precipitation by the addition of iron or alum, which help speed the recovery process of the lake.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Phosphorus forms in Sediment
Phosphorus Release Mechanisms
Chemical Release Mechanisms
Physical Release Mechanisms
Biological Release Mechanisms
Management and Restoration Techniques
Source Reduction Strategies
Physical Reduction of Phosphorus Availability
Chemical Removal
Analysis and Summary of Findings
Analyzing the Unknowns
Conclusions/Recommendations
From the Paper "The first is the use of physical means such as dredging and flushing to remove sediments containing high concentrations of phosphorus. Another method is the use of agents such as Aluminum Sulfate or gypsum to bind phosphorus in the water system. Yet, other methods have focused on long term reduction of external loading as the ultimate solution to the problem. The success or failure of these methods depends on the source and fractionation profile of the lake.
It was once thought that reducing external loading of the lake would rapidly decrease phosphorus levels in lakes."
