Abstract
This paper is a summarization of the training, background, artistic influences, social context, and religious affiliations of Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter and draftsman, as presented by the "Oxford Art Online" summary. The paper also discusses how these factors played their role in the development of the art of Botticelli.

From the Paper
"Many factors played a part in the style and rendering of Botticelli's art. Much of his work had a direct correlation with his teaching, philosophy, society, religion and political influences during his career. Botticelli's concept of what was "creation" and the influence of his teacher was evidenced in his earliest work. Soon his art began to evolve into a more distinguished and abstracted style. Yet, Botticelli utilized the same methods of painting throughout his career. Much of his methods were similar to other Italian artists of the time with the exception of his utilization of black ink and wash applied after the foundation colors were laid down. This process reset the contours and gave the human form mass by modeling the light and shadows. Botticelli would then apply the finest pigments in opaque layers known as scumbles."

Tags:Renaissance, Florentine

Abstract
This paper looks at the life and work of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) through the book "Leonardo da Vinci" by Peter Hohenstatt. It looks at how chapter by chapter, we are shown how Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest painters living and working during the Renaissance Period and how he also was a draftsman, sculptor, architect, engineer and natural scientist.

From the Paper
"The book itself is divided into seven sections--first, the author explores how da Vinci became a legend, not only in his own time but also in the present day. He then traces the beginnings of da Vinci's artistic career in Florence, Italy, while under the mentorship of the De Medici (1469 to 1481). This is followed by da Vinci's artistic breakthrough in the Milan of the Sforzas (1481 to 1499); his commissions within the Republic of Florence (1500 to 1506), da Vinci's experiences in occupied Milan and with Pope Leo X in Rome (1506 to 1517), and lastly, his final years in Amboise (1517 to 1519). The author also includes a section on how the art of painting evolved during da Vinci's lifetime and how it became a true science, blending art with technology."

Tags:de, medici, florence, mona, lisa

Abstract
This paper reviews the life and work of Lewis Howard Latimer, the son of a runaway slave born in Boston in 1848 from his beginnings as a draftsman to his first invention water closets for railroad cars, to his expertise in inventing, installations, drafting and patenting. It also looks at how his invention of a better method of producing carbon filaments ultimately transformed the future of incandescent lamps.

Outline
Dates of Life and Work
Education Experience in Social Context
Area of Expertise
Contribution to the Field of Science and Society
Historical Significance of his Work

From the Paper
"While working at Crosby and Gould, Latimer began his career as an inventor. In 1873, he was granted a patent for his first invention water closets for railroad cars (Klein, 1971, pp. 99-100). His belief that electricity would play a significant role in the future led him to join Hiram Maxim's United States Electric Lighting Company (Klein, 1971, p. 100). At U.S. Electric, Latimer succeeded in increasing the life of the carbon filament of the early light bulbs. In 1881, Latimer and J.V. Nichols, another Maxim employee, claimed the patent for making improvements in incandescent electric lamps (Klein, 1971, p. 101). In the following year, Latimer invented a globe support for the electric arc lamps (Klein, 1971, p. 101)."

Tags:carbon, filaments, electricity, slave

Abstract
This paper discusses the life of Inigo Jones, described by the paper as the first and perhaps the greatest of English Renaissance architects who left a profound influence on the course of British art and architecture. The paper begins by presenting a brief biography of Jones' life and then looks at his contribution to the court masque, as well as his relationship and collaboration with Ben Jonson.

From the Paper
" One of the reasons for the fall-out between the two was that Jonson took the intellectual content of his masques more seriously than anyone else. He was, by all accounts, convinced that the soul of the masque was of infinite value. He deeply resented the tendency at the time to accord greater respect to the decoration and the "mere mechanics" of a show (Lees-Milne 45). Jonson believed that Jones was getting more credit than he deserved for his contribution to the masque productions. His resentment towards his "friend" grew from "irritation to contempt to intense dislike" just as applause for Jones got louder. "

Tags:poet, playwright, draftsman, architect, innovative, work

Abstract
This paper examines architecture with all its elements and styles. It examines how some structures are strictly utilitarian whilst other structures are designed to commemorate historic or mythological persons or events, and/or inspire feelings of awe, pride, sadness, or even anger. The writer focuses monumental structures and responses they evoke.

From the paper:

?These structures are monumental. According to "A Dictionary of Architecture", a monumental is ?a building intended as a monument or looking like one; or a building that is formal, impressive, very large, and permanent, probably intended to overawe.? This monumentality, seen so clearly in the architecture of ancient Rome, is also a vital element of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C.?

Tags:Vitruvius, scale, Greek, Roman, society, skillful, draftsman, optics, expert