From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to critically explore and discuss the sociological problems facing the forty-six million Americans, aged eighteen to twenty-nine, who were born between 1964 and 1975. It will be the thesis of this paper that this generation is experiencing a downward shift in mobility which, for the first time, finds them unable to duplicate, let alone surpass, their own parents' standard of living. This paper will attempt to shed some light on the forces that brought this into existence and the likely course this phenomena will take.

... has noted that, by accident or design, articles reviewed in daily newspapers gave rise to a sense that American income inequality was growing. This sense had been building for over a decade and had generated a list of fears as follows: (1) American families are splitting apart into the rich ... "

Abstract
This paper examines Dalton Conley's book "Honky," which describes his life growing up as a white child in a predominantly African-American neighborhood and his own sociological outlooks. Conley's book documents not only his personal history, but he also puts this personal history in the context of sociology. In "Honky", he addresses his gradual 'awakening' to the realities that marginalized groups in society, like the African-Americans, before the rise of the civil rights movement. Conley also highlights his experience of what it was like to live as the 'minority' in his childhood community, a reversal of role where the white American becomes marginalized, and African-Americans the dominant group in the society. The paper concludes by focusing on the concept of downward mobility.In fact, the paper describes that Conley's family only felt downwardly mobile when judged as such by other white families.

From the Paper
"This reversal of roles between white and black Americans in Conley's community and personal history illustrates the sociological phenomenon called downward mobility. Downward mobility occurs when there is "a movement to a lower position in the stratification hierarchy" (Renzetti & Curran, 2000:209). The author's history manifests this phenomenon, as his family appeared as 'deviants' who chose to live 'below' the hierarchy than what was expected of them as a white American family. The discussion that follows delves into the phenomenon of downward mobility as it relates to Conley and his family's experiences in the Projects at New York."

Tags:downward mobility, race, housing projects, race relations, marginalization

Abstract
The paper outlines the five types of downward communication within a criminal justice organization, examples of upward communication and its limitations, and finally, horizontal or symmetrical forms of organizational communication. The paper points out that frustrations and miscommunications in the various communication processes are common and frequently create interpersonal obstacles that hamper positive change and efficient operations. The paper concludes that only through greater awareness of the potential hazards inherent to the communication process, can a truly seamless chain of communication be created within the criminal justice system.

From the Paper
"Within horizontal or symmetrical forms of organizational communication, ambiguities about power relationships and informational content are more common than in either upward or downward communication. Horizontal communication is the proverbial 'grapevine' of information, such as gossip between partners. The exchange of information through horizontal channels can impact morale, but not always department policy, at least not as swiftly as in downward or even upward modes of communication. Also, although the power relationships between officers of the same rank may theoretically be clear-cut, this is not always the case--popularity and reputation can influence the degree to which information is given credence through these horizontal channels. A popular officer who frowns upon racial profiling, for example, will have more influence than an officer who is widely disliked.
"Frustrations about not being heard through the channels available in the upward communication process, or miscommunication of message or emotional intention in the downward communication process are common and frequently create interpersonal obstacles that hamper positive change and efficient operations. Confusion may also be rife if there are apparent contradictions between the message conveyed through the different channels: the force as a whole may be admonished by the police commissioner about the need to protect suspects' constitutional rights, but officers' direct supervisors may advocate a 'tough on crime' position and more lax enforcement of such laws."

Tags:police, officer, superintendent, power, hierarchy

From the Paper
"A Review of Falling from "Grace: the Experience of Downward Mobility in the American Middle Class" by Katherine S. Newman


During the last few decades, downward mobility has affected the lives of a variety of middle class Americans, by temporarily or permanently changing income levels, curtailing lifestyles, and ultimately impacting on personal goals and expectations. Falling from Grace: the Experience of Downward Mobility in the American Middle Class, by Katherine S. Newman, examines the circumstances of four different groups of the downwardly mobile: white collar managers, air traffic controllers, blue collar workers, and divorced women. The book examines how these middle class Americans attained their particular class and income standing..."

Abstract
This paper explains that the three fundamental purposes of business, non-business, or administrative organizational communications are to inform, to persuade or request, and to build goodwill within the internal organization. The author points out that downward communication, the predominant form of communication in American corporations, moves from superior to subordinate, whether from the chairman to all employees of the company or from one superior to one subordinate. The paper concludes that good communications in the company means both understanding and practicing good oral and written communication and determining how many and how well communications channels and protocols are developed and used internally by the company.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The Definition and Value of Internal Communications
What Makes Good Business Writing?
Advantages of Good Internal Communications - Management to Employees
Advantages of Good Internal Communications - Marketing and Sales
Legal Issues and Internal Communications

From the Paper
"Most textbooks on business communications define good business communications as consisting of five basic qualities: The writing is clear, the message that the writer wants to express is complete, and the writing is correct. Additionally a well-written memo or email is not longwinded; it gets the point quickly, but does not leave out the necessary facts. Finally good writing builds goodwill in the company and across departments. A well-written memo or e-mail
will express what the writer needs to express with an economy of words, a clear point of view and relevant conclusion. Poorly written communications on the other hand, can end up wasting time and money, can lead to wasted efforts and useless diversion of resources, and end up losing any goodwill that was previously there."

Tags:inform, request, email, downward, protocol

Abstract
This paper examines how entering into the narcotics business helped cause the downfall of the Italian Mafia, La Cosa Nostra. It explains how the drug or narcotics industry led the Mafia to a lower prestige, and began its downward spiral. The paper shows how it is no longer the respectable, honorable organization it once was, and is now viewed as little better than your normal street gangs.

From the Paper
"As a society we face many problems, two of which are drugs and organized crime. Drugs, which were once considered just to be for hoodlums and never a mainstream problem, are associated with organized crime, especially La Cosa Nostra, the Italian Mafia. La Cosa Nostra was once a much-revered organization that was comprised of select Italian people who sometimes defied the laws to obtain things for themselves, and other people. La Cosa Nostra, also known as the Mob, the (Secret) Society, Organized Crime, the Confederation, the Outfit, and the Underworld, is comprised of different families with a don, or boss, running each family and a consigliere, advisor, aiding him, and a couple of capos, or captains, who help run the operations with 10 foot soldiers under him. La Cosa Nostra makes its money by getting involved in legitimate operations such as casinos, labor unions, strip clubs, and restaurants as well as illegal rackets like prostitution, loan-sharking, and narcotics. Narcotics have been popular since the late 1960's and early 1970's among the mobsters. The drug racket has only one good thing about it; it makes a lot of money quickly. Narcotics have caused many bad things to happen to the Mafia, and have caused the downward spiral of La Cosa Nostra."

Tags:mob, drugs, crime, gangster, industry, racket, mobster, Donnie, Brasco, FBN, jail, boss, godfather

Abstract
This paper examines the Italian mafia otherwise known as La Cosa Nostra, its structure and operations and analyzes how the narcotics business led the Mafia to a lower prestige and began its downward spiral. Tony Accardo, the Godfather of the Chicago crime family foresaw the problems and issued an edict outlawing narcotics. This led to a rift between the different factions that did not agree with his policy which eventually led to greed, rivalry and a rise in the level of crime. The Mafia went from being a much revered organization who helped people get things prohibited by the government to a group who preyed upon weak-minded, drug addicted people.

From the Paper
"Another crime that was outlawed by La Cosa Nostra was the killing of a federal agent. Agents were rarely killed in the pre-drug era, however drugged up soldiers would kill federal agents, which would make the FBI follow La Cosa Nostra and put heat on them until some one was arrested for the murder (O?Brien 21). Soldiers who were stoned would notice a federal agent following them, and would just turn around and kill them. Then the FBI would not take the pressure off of the Mafia until Mafioso were behind bars. Again, agents were almost never killed before drugs because the soldiers knew better than to kill one, and would just tolerate the tailing agent."

Tags:italian, mob, kidnap, murder, organized, crime, don, underworld

Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of William Golding's book "Lord of the Flies," paying particular attention to the character of Ralph. Ralph's characteristics are presented and discussed in detail within the context of the story. Ralph the sensible one, the natural leader in the group, maintains a cool-head until he is swept up during the tribal dance. This shows that all people are human and suffer from lapses in judgment. Using examples from the story, Ralph's downward spiral is detailed, along with its affects on the other boys in the group. The author demonstrates how Ralph really is just another one of the boys and that his evolution from good to bad isn't such a unique occurrence when put into the context of the situation.

From the Paper
"Ralph's character slowly evolves from a decent, caring human being; someone who wants to do good and ensure that decency and morality prevail in their island society, to a self-serving person who is ruled only by his own gut feelings. (He had to admit it felt good to be part of the tribal dance, even though he did know it was an uncivilized thing to do.) Ralph has no power to stop his own transformation, no matter what he thought he believed. In the end, Ralph doesn't see actions as being black or white he isn't as sure as he once was of what is the "right" thing to do. He becomes more like Jack and his band of followers than his own initial perception of how everyone should act toward each other."

Tags:order, sensible, jack, optimistic, authority, game, mission, adult, barbaric, dark, savage, decency, spiral, boys, innocent

Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of September 11 tragedy on the economic conditions of the United States. The author examines how the economy, which had showed a dismal performance for three consecutive quarters before September, completely collapsed when the disaster struck as consumer spending decreased with lower purchasing power, investment and borrowing declined, all industries reported lower profits and there was an alarming increase in unemployment. The paper also briefly discusses the condition of the airline industry after the tragic events of 9/11.

From the paper:

"The United States economy had already been predicted to go into recession when the tragedy of September 11 struck and accelerated the downward spiral of economic conditions of our country. . The economy crumpled as many industries in the country were hit harshly by the attacks and the slow down finally took shape of recession. After three quarters of poor GDP growth, it was almost certain that the economy was heading towards recession but September 11th attacks only accelerated the negative process. The government has been unable to generate enough Consumer-spending despite several announcements of tax cuts, which are aimed at giving people more purchasing power. Money supply and demand in the market is insufficient to tempt businessmen to increase production."

Tags:consumer, cuts, federal, investment, low, recession, reserve, spending, tax, unemploymnet

Abstract
This paper presents the causes and effects of air pollution. Other stratospheric research is concerned with the downward trends in global ozone that have recently been measured over populated regions in the mid altitudes. The author focuses on the various factors associated with global warming.

From the Paper
"Air pollution is any visible or invisible substance found in the air that is not part of the normal composition of air. Some air pollution is natural and has always been a part of the earth's history. However, over the past one hundred years or so, pollution created by humans has become a major environmental problem. Natural air pollution has been around for millions of year. Dust and a variety of gases from forest fires, volcanoes, and decaying material in rivers, oceans, and other bodies of water continually enter the atmosphere. Sometimes this natural pollution can have dramatic effects. Air pollution is a major factor in causing humans to get ill. Tuberculosis, bronchitis, heart and chest diseases, stomach disorders, asthma and cancers can all be traced to chemicals in the air. Pesticides and fertilizers release gases and particles into the air which poison people and kill animals."

Tags:ozone, stratosphere, carbon, environmental, dioxide, sulphur, cfc, deforestation, lead