Abstract
This paper examines Trisomy 21 through case studies of the developmental disorder. It describes the typical Downs syndrome child, the discovery of the genetic birth defect, its physical appearances and the effects on the family.

Table of Contents:

John Langdon Down
What is Downs Syndrome?
Effects of the Family with Downs Syndrome
Physical Development
Learning and behavior
Motor Skills
Language Development
References

From the Paper
"Down's Syndrome is a genetic condition, caused by a failure in the cell division process. The majority of affected children have a third copy of chromosome 21 in all their cells, instead of the usual two, and this results in the baby having 47 chromosomes instead of 46. In medical literature, Down's Syndrome is often referred to as trisomy 21 for this reason. While the condition has been recognized since the middle of the 19th century, its genetic basis was not discovered until 1959, when professor Jerome Lejeune, in Paris, first identified the characteristic combination of chromosomes."

Tags:handicapped, mental, retardation, down, chromosome, trisomy, 21, genetic

Abstract
This paper examines the countries of Belgium, Germany, and France in the context of Downs's book. It explains how Downs attempts to conduct his analysis with two main ideas guiding his study. The first and most important is the volatility of voters; the other is to understand constraints under which politicians make coalition bargains.

From the Paper
"William Downs presents an in-depth study of the effectiveness of coalition politics when presented on a regional or subnational level. A "coalition is when two or more groups or parties agree to pursue a common goal or a common set of goals, pool their resources in pursuit of this goal, and communicate and form binding coalitions concerning this goal" (20). In particular, Downs examines the regional governments of three countries: Belgium, Germany and France."

Tags:belguim, france, germany, regional

Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that, as several research studies have indicated, there is a definite relation between Down's syndrome and dementia. The writer notes that dementia typically follows as a co morbid condition among adults with Down's syndrome and has a severely crippling effect on the patient. The writer points out that though some studies show the neurobiological pathways associated with the onset of dementia in DS patients, we are still a long way from a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved. The writer discusses that several researchers have focused on studying Down's syndrome and dementia as comorbid conditions and this has contributed to an improved understanding of these disorders and ineffective management of DS patients. The writer presents a brief review of existing literature on the association between these two comorbid conditions in order to provide a better understanding of the complications and the latest treatment modalities.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Downs Syndrome - Brain Structure
Genetic Factors For Dementia In DS
Cognitive Functioning and Dementia
Proactive Screening for Dementia
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Earlier studies among healthy population have revealed that many years of education have an effect of slowing down the onset of Alzheimer's. Therefore in this study the researchers compared DS patients exhibiting symptoms of dementia and those without such symptoms and correlated them with other factors such as levels of education, recreational activities, employment, etc. In all, 35 adult subjects in the age ranging between 26 and 67 years were included for the study. All the subjects were periodically observed over 3 years and assessed for their decline based on Neuropsychological tests, reports from caregivers, and the Dementia Scale for Down syndrome. Applying the statistical tool of regression analysis, the researchers found that decline was directly related to cognitive functioning and that higher cognitive functioning implied lesser decline. It was also identified from the study that the level of cognitive functioning was by itself related to the other variables such as education, employment and other activities. "

Tags:memory, comorbid, disabilities, brain

From the Paper
"THE TWO WORLDS OF THE WASHO
Introduction
The Two Worlds of the Washo, an Indian Tribe of California and Nevada by Downs (1966) presents a single tribal culture as a whole. Traditional patterns of subsistence techniques, rituals and religion, kinship, and social organization are portrayed. Changes brought about through interaction with the white man are also related. This book analysis focuses on the relationship between cultural social organization, and subsistence, economic, political, and belief systems for the Washo.

Social Organization & Group Systems
The Washo cultural social organization consisting of kinship patterns, marriage patterns, and /or forms of organization are described. Society functions in a manner such that its members.."

From the Paper
"Anthony Downs considers an alternative method for dealing with basic urban problems such as decay at the city centers, the growth of suburbs to house all but the poor, and problems associated with long commutes in automobiles. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to examine how well Downs? description of urban problems generalize to a variety of cities, and to examine his alternative ideas for addressing the problems he cites.
In the first three chapters of the book, Downs carefully lays out the problems of modern cities that result from what he calls the "dominant vision". He argues that the American dream is to own a detached single-family home with a yard. A second element is the desire for ownership of automotive vehicles and the autonomy associated with that. The third element is the..."

Tags:book, review, non-fiction, urban, studies

Abstract
This paper looks at special needs students in the classroom, focusing specifically on Down syndrome. The paper examines the history of Down syndrome and its common symptoms. The paper further examines how the state of California deals with special needs in the classroom, and methods from teachers that can help lead students with Down syndrome to success.

From the Paper
"Down's syndrome is named after Langdon Down, an Englishman, who described its multiple characteristics in 1866. It is caused by chromosome abnormalities; typically the cause is an additional chromosome, Chromosome 21, occurring three times instead of two. Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal aberration, and it occurs in appropriately one in every eight hundred live births. One important factor that can increase the possibility of Down syndrome is the age of the parents, as "the incidence of Down's syndrome being around 10 per 10,000 live births for women under 28 and around 470 per 10,000 live births for women over 40 years" (Farrell, 2003, p. 53). Young mothers (15-19 years of age) are also more likely to have a child with Down syndrome."

Tags:down, syndrome, education

Abstract
This paper reviews research articles on children with Down syndrome and their parents. The articles focus on the complex challenges Down Syndrome presents, particularly the difficulties in raising disabled children. The paper also discusses the complexity of development delays. The paper concludes with a look at resources and coping strategies for parents.

Tags:Down's syndrome, typical children, research studies, parents

Abstract
This analysis examines how all of the stylistic elements of "Down With Love" were successful in depicting a film of the 1960's. The remainder of the paper focuses on how the films' cinematography, editing choices, setting and acting all contribute to the narrative.

From the Paper
"Barbara Novak, (Renee Zellweger), is a "naive" beauty from Maine. She comes to New York to promote the release of her book, Down with Love. Barbara's book suggests that women separate their feelings of love with the physical act of sex. This will in turn empower the woman to take charge of her life and her career. However, Barbara does not promote abstinence. She promotes women having sex with whomever they want or "sex a la carte," as long as there is no love involved.
"Barbara's editor and new best friend, Viki Hiller, (Sharon Paulson) tries to give unknown Barbara much needed press by getting her a cover story in Know, the largest selling men's Magazine. However Know's star reporter, "lady's man, man's man, and man about town" Catcher Block, (Ewan McGregor), refuses to interview Barbara. He's never even heard of her."

Tags:peyton reed, down with love, mise-en-scene, renee zelweger, ewan mcgregor

Abstract
The topic of this paper is nutritional/vitamin therapies for children with Down Syndrome. It is argued in the paper that there are three problems in this regard. The writer notes that the first problem is that there has not been enough study concerning this matter. Further, the writer points out that the second problem is that there is no evidence that these therapies work and the final problem is side effects.

From the Paper
"Children with Down syndrome experience a wide range of health problems. According to Terry J. Hassold and David Patterson in 'Down Syndrome A Promising Future, Together', children with Down syndrome can experience, "congenital problems ranging from cataracts, heart disease and anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract as well as a predisposition to get infections". Because children with Down syndrome have such a wide range of health problems there has been a lot of interest in finding ways to improve their quality of life. The idea of using nutritional/vitamin therapy for children with Down syndrome has been an area of interest for a number of years."

Tags:down, syndrome, vitamins

Abstract
This paper presents a discussion of challenges in transitioning from a top-down organization into a team oriented organization. It includes leadership responsibility, persuading resistant managers, assisting them in changing their working style, and implications of the change.

From the Paper
"Creating a team environment does not entirely obliterate hierarchy. Even parliamentary bodies of equals choose a chairperson and even in informal groups we often find a leader ..."

Tags:management, leadership, top-down, team